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La Narrativa de Henry Fielding y la Sociedad Inglesa del Siglo XVIII

La Narrativa de Henry Fielding y la Sociedad Inglesa del Siglo XVIII

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<strong>La</strong> <strong>Narrativa</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Henry</strong> <strong>Fielding</strong> y <strong>la</strong> <strong>Sociedad</strong> <strong>Inglesa</strong> <strong>de</strong>l <strong>Siglo</strong> <strong>XVIII</strong><br />

procedimientos civiles, l<strong>la</strong>mados “acciones” (actions) 7 , empezaban por<br />

<strong>la</strong> interposición <strong>de</strong> una <strong>de</strong>manda mediante <strong>la</strong> solicitud <strong>de</strong> mandatos<br />

judiciales (writ) 8 , para remediar ofensas específicas. <strong>La</strong>s pruebas o los<br />

testimonios correspondientes se producían oralmente ante un<br />

tribunal y el veredicto, por lo general, lo daba un jurado 9 .<br />

3. Equity 10 . Su origen proce<strong>de</strong> también <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> Edad Media y<br />

se creó para ofrecer protección a los <strong>de</strong>mandantes (suitors) cuyos<br />

casos estaban fuera <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> jurisdicción <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> ley común. En el siglo<br />

<strong>XVIII</strong> <strong>la</strong> jurisdicción <strong>de</strong> los tribunales <strong>de</strong> Equidad se limitaba al área<br />

<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> propiedad que no estaba protegida por <strong>la</strong> ley común, por<br />

ejemplo el dinero y <strong>la</strong> propiedad que se tenía en fi<strong>de</strong>icomiso (trust).<br />

Este sistema era jurisdicción exclusiva <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> Chancillería (Chancery), y<br />

se ocupaba <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s propieda<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> los que morían intestados, <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong><br />

tute<strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong> los menores, <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s personas enajenadas mentalmente y <strong>de</strong><br />

<strong>la</strong>s mujeres. Los procedimientos civiles (suits) empezaban con <strong>la</strong><br />

7 Según Curzon, en English Legal History, p. 74, <strong>la</strong>s acciones podían ser <strong>de</strong> tres tipos: “a) Real Actions.<br />

These concerned real property and were used to <strong>de</strong>termine questions concerning to title to <strong>la</strong>nd. b) Personal actions.<br />

These concerned <strong>de</strong>bt and satisfaction in damages for injury done to a p<strong>la</strong>intiff’s person or property. c) Mixed Actions.<br />

These were in the nature of a) and b)”.<br />

8 “A writ was primarily an administrative document, authenticated by a seal, in the form of a letter. It was used for<br />

administrative an d judicial purposes and when issued by the king it took the form of a command, often to the sheriff.”<br />

CURZON, English Legal History, p. 73.<br />

9 En general, se consi<strong>de</strong>ra que <strong>la</strong> Common <strong>La</strong>w es <strong>la</strong> parte <strong>de</strong>l corpus legis<strong>la</strong>tivo inglés que antes <strong>de</strong><br />

1873-75, se administraba en los l<strong>la</strong>mados Tribunales <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> ley común, que tenían su origen en <strong>la</strong>s<br />

antiguas costumbres <strong>de</strong>l país y que se habían ido <strong>de</strong>sarrol<strong>la</strong>ndo y formu<strong>la</strong>ndo mediante <strong>la</strong>s<br />

<strong>de</strong>cisiones judiciales. El término “common <strong>la</strong>w” tiene distintos significados que por lo general vienen<br />

<strong>de</strong>terminados por el contexto en el que aparecen. Se ha usado para diferenciar <strong>la</strong> ley escrita <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> no<br />

escrita, <strong>la</strong> ley general para todo el reino frente a <strong>la</strong> legis<strong>la</strong>ción que afecta a grupos concretos <strong>de</strong><br />

individuos, <strong>la</strong>s leyes ordinarias frente a <strong>la</strong>s leyes <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> iglesia, o el conjunto legis<strong>la</strong>tivo diferente al <strong>de</strong><br />

<strong>la</strong> Equidad y <strong>la</strong> ley estatutaria, y <strong>la</strong> ley que se originó en el período Anglo-sajón y Normando frente a<br />

<strong>la</strong> ley civil. En términos generales, se ha <strong>de</strong>scrito como: “the commonsense of the community, crystallised and<br />

formu<strong>la</strong>ted by our forefathers”. CURZON en English legal History, p. 57, resume <strong>la</strong>s consi<strong>de</strong>raciones <strong>de</strong><br />

B<strong>la</strong>ckstone acerca <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> common <strong>la</strong>w <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> manera que sigue: “i) General customs (the universal rule of the<br />

whole kingdom, forming the common <strong>la</strong>w in its strict sense), ii) Particu<strong>la</strong>r Customs (affecting only particu<strong>la</strong>r parts of<br />

the realm) iii) Certain particu<strong>la</strong>r <strong>la</strong>ws (by custom adapted and used by particu<strong>la</strong>r courts)”. Según B<strong>la</strong>ckstone se<br />

trataba <strong>de</strong> “The chief cornerstone of the <strong>la</strong>ws o f Eng<strong>la</strong>nd which is general and immemorial custom or common <strong>la</strong>w ,<br />

from time to time <strong>de</strong>c<strong>la</strong>red in the <strong>de</strong>cisions of the courts of justice; which <strong>de</strong>cisions are or<strong>de</strong>red among our public records,<br />

exp<strong>la</strong>ined in our reports, and digested for general use in the authoritative writings of the venerable sages of the <strong>la</strong>w”<br />

10 CURZON <strong>de</strong>fine Equity como: “A system of legal doctrines and procedures which <strong>de</strong>veloped si<strong>de</strong> by si<strong>de</strong> with<br />

the common <strong>la</strong>w and statute <strong>la</strong>w, having originated the doctrines and procedures evolved by the Court of Chancery in<br />

its attempts to remedy some <strong>de</strong>fects of the common <strong>la</strong>w”. <strong>La</strong>s máximas más conocidas <strong>de</strong> este sistema legal<br />

son: “a) Equity follows the <strong>la</strong>w, b) Equity acts in personam, c) Equality is equity, d) He who seeks equity must<br />

do equity e) Equity looks to the intent rather than to the form, f) Where there are equal equities the <strong>la</strong>w prevails, g)<br />

Equity will not suffer a wrong to be without a remedy, h) equitable remedies are discretionary, i) Equity acts on the<br />

conscience, j) De<strong>la</strong>y <strong>de</strong>feats equities, k) Equity imputes an intent to fulfill an obligation.” English Legal History, p.<br />

97-8.<br />

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