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La Narrativa de Henry Fielding y la Sociedad Inglesa del Siglo XVIII

La Narrativa de Henry Fielding y la Sociedad Inglesa del Siglo XVIII

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<strong>La</strong> <strong>Narrativa</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>Henry</strong> <strong>Fielding</strong> y <strong>la</strong> <strong>Sociedad</strong> <strong>Inglesa</strong> <strong>de</strong>l <strong>Siglo</strong> <strong>XVIII</strong><br />

personas casadas como solteras. Fuera <strong>de</strong>l matrimonio, <strong>la</strong> prueba <strong>de</strong> que una<br />

madre trae al mundo a un hijo ilegítimo arroja vergüenza sólo en <strong>la</strong> madre, no<br />

sobre el padre como Allworthy muestra en su discurso a Jenny Jones (I, 7).<br />

Los ataques verbales que Deborah Wilkins vierte contra <strong>la</strong> que <strong>Fielding</strong><br />

<strong>de</strong>scribe como “poor unknown mother” al principio <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> nove<strong>la</strong> (I, 6) están en<br />

sintonía tanto con <strong>la</strong> costumbre como con <strong>la</strong> ley. <strong>La</strong> ley no contemp<strong>la</strong>ba <strong>la</strong><br />

posibilidad <strong>de</strong> encontrar al padre o <strong>de</strong> obligarle a mantener al niño, pero era<br />

muy dura con <strong>la</strong> mujer que <strong>de</strong>jaba a un hijo ilegítimo a cargo <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> parroquia, y<br />

<strong>la</strong> enviaba a una casa <strong>de</strong> corrección durante un año.<br />

Estas son <strong>la</strong>s circunstancias en <strong>la</strong>s que <strong>Fielding</strong> establece <strong>la</strong> humanidad<br />

<strong>de</strong> Allworthy y <strong>de</strong>spués el carácter afectivo <strong>de</strong> Tom. Allworthy no <strong>de</strong>ja <strong>de</strong><br />

observar que hay un padre que ha obrado mal en el caso <strong>de</strong> Jenny Jones, y<br />

toma medidas excepcionales para que no se cump<strong>la</strong> ley estrictamente y hacer<br />

posible que <strong>la</strong> muchacha pueda comenzar una nueva vida (I, 7). Tom<br />

interviene cuando Molly, embarazada, es arrestada y conducida a Bri<strong>de</strong>well, y<br />

vuelve con el<strong>la</strong> a <strong>la</strong> casa <strong>de</strong> Mr. Allworthy y asume toda <strong>la</strong> culpa (IV, 11).<br />

<strong>La</strong> existencia <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> doble moral <strong>de</strong>ntro <strong>de</strong>l matrimonio y <strong>la</strong>s razones para <strong>la</strong><br />

existencia <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> misma se encuentran recogidas en un texto clásico <strong>de</strong>l período<br />

acerca <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> conducta femenina, <strong>de</strong> Lord Halifax, Advice to a Daughter:<br />

“For your better direction, I will give a hint of the most ordinary Causes of<br />

Dissatisfaction between Man and Wife, that you may be able by such a warning to<br />

live upon your Guard, that when you shall be married, you know how to cure your<br />

husband´s mistakes, and to prevent your own.<br />

First, then, you are to consi<strong>de</strong>r, you live in a time which hath ren<strong>de</strong>red [sic]<br />

some kind of frailties so habitual, that they <strong>la</strong>y c<strong>la</strong>im to <strong>la</strong>rge Grains of Allowance.<br />

The World in this is somewhat unequal, and our sex seemeth to p<strong>la</strong>y the Tyrant in<br />

distinguishing partially for ourselves, by making that in the utmost <strong>de</strong>gree Criminal in<br />

the Woman, which in a man passeth un<strong>de</strong>r a much gentler censure. The Root and the<br />

Excuse of this injustice is the preservation of the families from any mixture which may<br />

bring a blemish to them: and whilst the point of honour continues to be so p<strong>la</strong>c’d, it<br />

seems unavoidable to give your sex, the greater share of the penalty. But in this it lieth<br />

un<strong>de</strong>r any disadvantage, you are more than recompensed, by having the honour of<br />

Families in your keeping. The consi<strong>de</strong>ration so great a trust must give you, maketh<br />

full amends; and this power of the world hath lodged in you, can hardly fail to restrain<br />

the severity of an ill husband, and to improve the kindness and Esteem of a good one.<br />

86<br />

86 GEORGE SAVILE MARQUIS OF HALIFAX, The <strong>La</strong>dy’s New Year’s Gift or Advice to a Daughter, (1688),<br />

En Complete Works of George Savile, First marquis of Halifax, Ed. Sir Walter Raleigh, C<strong>la</strong>rendon Press,<br />

1912, pp. 1-46.<br />

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