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o Religion helps maintain the dominant position of men in several
ways:
o Men form the leadership elite in a religion
o Religious ritual often excludes women or relegates them to a minor
role
o Religious belief & teachings legitimates female subordination
o Religious places women in subordinate social roles
(family/motherhood)
o Religion often legitimates male-centred property ownership
Examples…
o Witchcraft persecutions in middle ages: 1000s women executed as
witches - invariably witches were associated with women
o Abbott and Wallace argue that women as the traditional healers were
targeted for persecution because they were a threat to the growth of
male domination of medicine
o Control over social roles of women - many religions specify many
aspects of women's role/ behaviour/ clothing/ place in worship/
child-bearing
o Catholic doctrines restrict abortion/contraception etc. - channels
women into family/motherhood based roles
o Some interpretations of Islam place strong constraints on how woman
appear in public
o C of E only recently opened women to the opportunity of joining the
clergy
Armstrong
(1993)
o In W.society & Middle East males were very dominant & aggressive
o Church therefore needed a patriarchal rationale to justify male
dominance
o Male gods became dominant in Northern hemisphere & middle East
o Become more civilised - became monotheistic (one god) rather than
polytheist (many gods)
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Leads to disappearance of the "Godess" - only male images of gods
Davie
(1994)
o Men & women tend to regard God differently