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To link to this article: DOI: 10.1080/13691830500282626
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13691830500282626
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Jocelyne Cesari is Principal Research Fellow at the CNRS in Paris and Visiting Professor in Anthropology and
Religious Studies at Harvard University. E-mail: jcesari@fas.harvard.edu
ISSN 1369-183X print/ISSN 1469-9451 online/05/0601015-10 # 2005 Taylor & Francis
DOI: 10.1080/13691830500282626
Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies
Vol. 31, No. 6, November 2005, pp. 1015_/1024
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Mosque Conflicts in European Cities:
Introduction
Jocelyne Cesari
This brief paper introduces the special issue on mosque conflicts in Europe, which draws
on research results of the Network of Comparative Research on Islam and Muslims in
Europe. The paper first provides basic data on the numbers and distribution of Muslim
immigrants in Europe. Reflecting a dialectical approach in which Muslims both affect,
and are impacted by, European culture, the paper introduces the issue of the
islamicisation of European public space, with special reference to mosque construction,
which represents the evolution of Islam from the private to the public sphere. Sources and
causes of resistance to mosque-building are identified, and various national contrasts*/
based on the papers that follow*/are drawn.
Keywords: European Cities; Mosques; Muslim Immigrants
With more than 11 million Muslims living in the major countries of the European
Union, making up almost 3 per cent of the population, Muslims are the largest
religious minority in Western Europe.1 In terms of both the total number of Muslims
and the ratio of Muslims to the total population, five countries stand out: France,
Germany, Great Britain, the Netherlands and Greece. Each of these countries consists
of a population that is 4_/7 per cent Muslim. With the exception of Greece, these
countries accepted a large number of immigrant workers during the 1960s.
Meanwhile, to the north, three Scandinavian countries (Sweden, Denmark and
Norway) have a Muslim population of about 1 per cent. And to the south, Italy and
Spain, with approximately the same Muslim population, have now become a new
destination for Muslim immigrants.
The ethnic diversity existing among European Muslims is striking. First, 3.5
million Arab Muslims, mainly of Moroccan, Algerian and Tunisian origin, live in
Western Europe. With a population of approximately 2.5 million, Turkish Muslims
are the second largest ethnic group spread throughout Europe. South Asian Muslims,
with a population of approximately 800,000 people, make up the third major ethnic
group of ‘European’ Muslims.
As a result of globalisation, many European cities have become important spaces
for the installation of Muslim immigrants. Paris, Berlin, London, Amsterdam and
Milan are now world capitals by virtue of their sizeable immigrant populations. In
these metropolises, the job market has become increasingly segregated according to
ethnic, religious and social statuses.While the industrial city brought an end to ethnic
and cultural differentiation and gave rise to more universal categories such as the