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foreign land this race detested by the gods. The people, who had been collected after
diligent search, finding themselves left in a desert, sat for the most part in a stupor of
grief, till one of the exiles, Moyses by name, warned them not to look for any relief
from God or man, forsaken as they were of both, but to trust to themselves, taking for
their heaven-sent leader that man who should first help them to be quit of their
present misery. They agreed, and in utter ignorance began to advance at random.
Nothing, however, distressed them so much as the scarcity of water, and they had
sunk ready to perish in all directions over the plain, when a herd of wild asses was
seen to retire from their pasture to a rock shaded by trees. Moyses followed them,
and, guided by the appearance of a grassy spot, discovered an abundant spring of
water. This furnished relief. After a continuous journey for six days, on the seventh
they possessed themselves of a country, from which they expelled the inhabitants, and
in which they founded a city and a temple.
— [68]
Moses in The Antiquities of the Jews
Main article: Osarseph
Josephus relates several other incidents in connection with the Biblical account of Moses:
Before the incident in which Moses slew the Egyptian, Moses had led the Egyptians in a campaign
against invading Ethiopians and routed them. While Moses was besieging one of the Ethiopians'
cities, Tharbis, the daughter of the Ethiopian king, fell in love with Moses and wished to marry
him. He agreed to do so if she would procure the deliverance of the city into his power. She did so
immediately, and Moses promptly married her. [36] This marriage is also mentioned in Numbers
12:1 (Cushite meant Ethiopian; Zipporah was Midianite, definitely not Ethiopian). The account of
this expedition is also mentioned by Irenaeus, [69] and the event would explain why St. Stephen
refers to Moses as "mighty in his words and in his deeds" before Moses slayed the Egyptian. [70][71]
Flavius Josephus also gives significantly detailed accounts of the aftermath of Baalam's blessings
and the events that lead to the slaying of Zimri. [72]
Date of the Exodus
Main article: the Exodus
There is considerable uncertainty as to what date the Bible implies for the Exodus taking place.
Suggestions include:
• It may have occurred around the end of the Hyksos era (1648–1540 BC), as mentioned
above;
• It may have occurred around 1400s BC, since the Amarna letters, written ca. forty years
later to Pharaohs Amenhotep III and Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten) indicate that Canaan was
being invaded by the "Habiru" — whom some scholars in the 1950s to 1970s interpret to
mean "Hebrews". However, the Hebrew patriarchs Abraham, Isaac and Jacob are also
recorded as having conducted military activities in Canaan some centuries before the
Exodus. Note also that "forty years" is a common expression in the Old Testament for "a
long period of time", and that many scholars today view the Habiru as members of a social
underclass of people present throughout the Ancient Near East at this time, rather than a
tribal group confined to Egypt.
• It may have occurred during the 13th century BC, as the pharaoh of that time, Ramesses II,
is commonly considered to be the pharaoh with whom Moses squabbled — either as the
'Pharaoh of the Exodus' himself, or the preceding 'Pharaoh of the Oppression', who is said
to have commissioned the Hebrews to "(build) for Pharaoh treasure cities, Pithom and
Raamses." These cities are known to have been built under both Seti I and Rameses II, thus