ovde - vera znanje mir

possibly making his successor Merneptah the 'Pharaoh of the Exodus.' This is considered
plausible by those who view the famous claim of the Year 5 Merneptah Stele (ca. 1208
BC) that "Israel is wasted, bare of seed," as propaganda to cover up this king's own loss of
an army in the Red Sea. Taken at face value, however, the primary intent of the stela was
clearly to commemorate Merneptah's victory over the Libyans and their Sea People allies.
The reference to Canaan occurs only in the final lines of the document where Israel is
mentioned after the city states of Ashkelon, Gezer and Yanoam perhaps to signal
Merneptah's disdain or contempt for this new entity. In Exodus, the Pharaoh of the Exodus
did not cross into Canaan since his Army was destroyed at the Red Sea. Hence, the
traditional view that Ramesses II was the Pharaoh of either the Oppression or the Exodus is
affirmed by the basic contents of the Merneptah Stele. Under this scenario, the Israelites
would have been a nation without a state of their own who existed on the fringes of Canaan
in Year 5 of Merneptah. This is suggested by the determinative sign written in the stela for
Israel — "a throw stick plus a man and a woman over the three vertical plural lines" —
which was "typically used by the Egyptians to signify nomadic groups or peoples without a
fixed city-state," [73] such as the Hebrew's previous life in Goshen. A more remote and
unverified possibility is that the line "wasted, bare of seed" refers to the time when the
infants of Israel are said to have been thrown into the Nile when Moses was born.
• An unverified theory places the birth and/or adoption of Moses during a minor oppression
in the reign of Amenhotep III, which was soon lifted, and claims that the more well-known
oppression occurred during the reign of Horemheb, followed by the Exodus itself during
the reign of Ramesses I. This is supported by the Haggadah of Pesach, which suggests that
they were oppressed and then re-oppressed quite a few years later by Pharaoh. The Bible
and Haggada suggest that the Pharaoh of the Exodus died in year 2 of his reign, matching
Ramses I. The fact that Pi-Tum and Raamses were built during the reign of Ramses I also
supports this view. Seti I records that during his reign the Shasu warred with each other,
which some see as a reference to the Midyan and Moab wars. Seti's campaigns with the
Shasu have also been compared with Balaam's exploits. [74] However, many Egyptologists
reject these comparisons as spurious.
• A more recent and non-Biblical view places Moses as a noble in the court of the Pharaoh
Akhenaten (See below). A significant number of scholars, from Sigmund Freud to Joseph
Campbell, suggest that Moses may have fled Egypt after Akhenaten's death (ca. 1334 BC)
when many of the pharaoh's monotheistic reforms were being violently reversed. The
principal ideas behind this theory are: the monotheistic religion of Akhenaten being a
possible predecessor to Moses' monotheism, and the "Amarna letters", written by nobles to
Akhenaten, which describe raiding bands of "Habiru" attacking the Egyptian territories in
Mesopotamia. [75]
• David Rohl, a British historian and archaeologist, author of the book "A Test of Time",
places the birth of Moses during the reign of Pharaoh Khaneferre Sobekhotep IV of the
13th Egyptian Dynasty, and the Exodus during the reign of Pharaoh Dudimose (accession
to the throne around 1457–1444), when according to Manetho "a blast from God smote the
Egyptians". [76]
• A few individuals have suggested that the Exodus did not occur at all. Some archaeologists
have claimed that surveys of ancient settlements in Sinai do not appear to show a great
influx of people around the time of the Exodus (given variously as between 1500–1200
BC), as would be expected from the arrival of Joshua and the Israelites in Canaan. This
suggests that the biblical Exodus may not be a literal depiction; [77] though the Bible never
said the Israelites really established a true settlement on Sinai, as it was only said to be one
stop on the journey to Canaan and Sinai could have also been only a temporary hiatus
settlement with no real establishment[4].