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from Egypto-Canaanite material culture to proto-Israelite. An Early Exodus would preclude
synchronizing Abram with Hammurabi's empire, pushing him back to Sumerian times.
Speculations on Hindu connections
In the 18th and 19th centuries, there were isolated speculations about an identity of Abraham and
Brahma, or of Abraham and Rama. This was based on the similarities of the names (Abraham is a
near anagram of Brahma). Voltaire summarised such speculations:
This name Bram, Abram, was famous in India and Persia: some learned men even allege that he
was the same legislator as the one the Greeks called Zoroaster. Others say that he was the Brahma
of the Indians. [19]
Such arguments were taken up by later religious synchretists such as Godfrey Higgins, who
argued in 1834 that "The Arabian historians contend that Brahma and Abraham, their ancestor, are
the same person. The Persians generally called Abraham Ibrahim Zeradust. Cyrus considered the
religion of the Jews the same as his own. The Hindus must have come from Abraham, or the
Israelites from Brahma…" [20]
The argument has been used by Biblical literalists to prove that Brahma is a corrupted memory of
Abraham and by certain Hindu nationalists to suggest the converse. [21]
The argument has been used by Muslim missionaries to prove that Brahma is a corrupted memory
of Abraham. They also have claimed that other characters in Hindu scripture are actually people
mentioned in the Quran. [22] A. D. Pusalker, whose essay "Traditional History From the Earliest
Times" appeared in The Vedic Age, claims a historical Rama dated to 1950 BC. [23]
Notes
1. ^ JewishEncyclopedia.com states, "The form 'Abraham' yields no sense in Hebrew". Many
interpretations were offered, including an analysis of a first element abr- "chief", which
however yields a meaningless second element.
2. ^ The city of Haran was not named after this brother and is spelled differently in Hebrew.)
3. ^ "Walking the Bible" at pbs.org.
4. ^ David Rosenberg, Abraham, the First Historical Biography 23 (2006) (reading "But she
is also my sister my father's daughter yet not my mother's and she became my wife.")
5. ^ Abraham was 10 years senior to Sarah, who died at age 127. (Gen 23:1).
6. ^ Gen 25:7
7. ^ *Holweck, F. G. A Biographical Dictionary of the Saints. St. Louis, MO: B. Herder
Book Co. 1924.
8. ^ Ibrahim, Encyclopedia of Islam
9. ^ USC-MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts.
10. ^ Antiquities of the Jews, book 1, 12:4
11. ^ Antiquities of the Jews, book 1, 12:2
12. ^ The Life of the Prophet Muhammad (Al-Sira al-Nabawiyya), Volume I, translated by
professor Trevor Le Gassick, reviewed by Dr. Ahmed Fareed Garnet Publishing Limited, 8
Southern Court, South Street Reading RG1 4QS, UK; The Center for Muslim Contribution
to Civilization, 1998, pp. 50-52;
13. ^ The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. “Abraham.” Bible Dictionary.
Intellectual Reserve, 1979..
14. ^ Peterson, H. Donl. The Story of the Book of Abraham, 25. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book,
1995.
15. ^ Pearl of Great Price, Introductory Note.
16. ^ Vermes, Scripture and Tradition in Judaism, 70–72; Beer, Leben Abraham's, 9–14
17. ^ The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. “Abraham.” Bible Dictionary.
Intellectual Reserve, 1979..