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still regarded as a man. [10][11] Later Upansihads, namely Nārāyaṇātharvaśirsa and Ātmabodha,
specifically regard Krishna as a God and associate him with Vishnu. [10]
References to Vāsudeva also occur in early Sanskrit literature. Taittiriya Aranyaka (X,i,6)
identifies him with Narayana and Vishnu. Panini, ca. 4th century BCE, in his Ashtadhyayi
explains the word "Vāsudevaka" as a Bhakta (devotee) of Vāsudeva. This, along with the mention
of Arjuna in the same context, indicates that the Vāsudeva here is Krishna. [citation needed] At some
stage during the Vedic period, Vasudeva and Krishna became one deity, and by the time of
composition of the redaction of Mahabharata that survives till today, Krishna (Vasudeva) was
generally acknowledged as an avatar of Vishnu and often as the Supreme God. [10]
In the 4th century BCE, Megasthenes the Greek ambassador to the court of Chandragupta Maurya
says that the Sourasenoi (Surasena), who lived in the region of Mathura worshipped Herakles.
This Herakles is usually identified with Krishna [12] due to the regions mentioned by Megasthenes
as well as similarities between some of the herioc acts of the two. Megasthenes also mentions that
his daughter Pandaia ruled in south India. The south indeed had the kingdom of the Pandyas with
the capital at Madhura (Madurai), which some researchers have claimed to relate to the kingdom
of the Pandavas, and the city of Mathura [citation needed] . Greek ruler Agathocles issuced coins bearing
the images of Krishna and Balarama in around 180-165 BCE. [12]
Indian-standard silver drachm of the Greco-Bactrian king Agathocles (190-180 BCE)
'Rev: Vasudeva-Krishna, with ornate headdress, earrings, sword in sheath, holding kunda (pearshaped
vase) and chakra (wheel). Brahmi legend: RAJANE AGATHUKLAYASA "King
Agathocles".
Obv: Balarama, wearing an ornate headress, earrings, sword in sheath, holding a mace in his right
hand and a plow-symbol in the left. Greek legend: BASILEOS AGATOKLEOUS "Of King
Agathocles".
At Ghosundi near Udaipur, engraved about 150 BCE, is an inscription by a devotee mentioning
Vasudeva and Narayana. [12] In the 1st century BCE, Heliodorus from Greece erected the
Heliodorus pillar at Besnagar near Bhilsa [12] with the inscription: This Garuda-column of
Vasudeva the god of gods was erected here by Heliodorus, a worshipper of the Lord Bhagavata,
the son of Diya Greek Dion and an inhabitant of Taxila, who came as ambassador of the Greeks
from the Great King Amtalikita [Greek Antialcidas] to King Kasiputra Bhagabhadra the saviour,
who was flourishing in the fourteenth year of his reign… [missing text]… three immortal steps…
[missing text]… when practiced, lead to heaven—self-control, charity, and diligence.
Another 1st century BCE inscription from Mathura, records the building of a part of a sanctuary to
Vasudeva by the great satrap Sodasa.
The grammarian Patanjali, who wrote his commentary the Mahabhashya upon Panini's grammar
about 150 BCE, quotes a verse to the following effect: May the might of Krishna accompanied by
Samkarshana increase! One verse speaks of Janardana with himself as fourth (Krishna with three
companions, the three possibly being Samkarshana, Pradyumna, and Aniruddha). Another verse
mentions musical instruments being played at meetings in the temples of Rama (Balarama) and