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2083 AM. In Gen.12:4 we learn that at that time Abraham was 75 years old. In other words
Abraham was born when his father Terah was 130 years old. (205-75 = 130). Therefore Abraham
was born in year 2008 AM.
History of dating attempts
When cuneiform was first deciphered, Theophilus Pinches translated some Babylonian tablets
which were part of the Spartoli collection in the British Museum. In particular, he believed he
found in the Chedorlaomer Text, currently thought to have been written in the 6th to the 7th
century BC, the names of three of the kings of the Eastern coalition fighting against the five kings
from the Vale of Siddim in Gen. 1:14.
In 1887, Schrader then was the first to propose that Amraphel could be an alternate spelling for
Hammurabi (cf. the ISBE of 1915, s.v. "Hammurabi").
Vincent Scheil subsequently found a tablet in the Imperial Ottoman Museum in Istanbul from
Hammurabi to a king of the very same name, i.e. Kuder-Lagomer, as in Pinches' tablet. Thus are
achieved the following correspondences:
Name from Gen. 14:1 Name from Archaeology
Amraphel king of Shinar
Hammurabi (="Ammurapi") king of
Babylonia
Arioch king of Ellasar Eri-aku king of Larsa (i.e. Assyria)
Chedorlaomer king of Elam (= Chodollogomor in the
LXX)
Kudur-Lagamar king of Elam
Tidal, king of nations (i.e. goyim, lit. 'nations') Tudhulu, son of Gazza
By 1915, many scholars had become largely convinced that the kings of Gen. 14:1 had been
identified (cf. again the ISBE of 1915, s.v. Hammurabi, which mentions the identification as
doubtful, and also The Catholic Encyclopedia of 1917, s.v. "Amraphel", and Donald A.
MacKenzie's 1915 Myths of Babylonia and Assyria, who has (p. 247) "The identification of
Hammurabi with Amraphel is now generally accepted"). The terminal -bi on the end of
Hammurabi's name was seen to parallel Amraphel since the cuneiform symbol for -bi can also be
pronounced -pi. Tablets were known in which the initial symbol for Hammurabi, pronounced as kh
to yield Khammurabi, had been dropped, such that Ammurapi was a viable pronunciation.
Supposing him to have been deified in his lifetime or afterwards yielded Ammurabi-il, which was
suitable close to the Bible's Amraphel.
Albright was instrumental in synchronizing Hammurabi with Assyrian and Egyptian
contemporaries, such that Hammurabi is now thought to have lived in the late 18th century, not in
the 19th as assumed by the long chronology. Since many ecumenical theologians may not hold
that the dates of the Bible could be in error, they began synchronizing Abram with the empire of
Sargon I (23rd century in the short chronology), and the work of Schrader, Pinches and Scheil fell
out of favor with them.
The objection [citation needed] resurfaced that Amraphel could not be derived from Khammurabi, in
spite of the Ammurabi/Ammurapi spelling for Hammurabi that had already been found. More
substantial objections were later made, including the finding that the days of the Kuder-Lagomer
of Hammurabi's letter preceded the writing of the letter early in Hammurabi's reign led some to
speculate that the Kuder-Lagomer of Gen. 14:1 should be associated with later Hittite or Akkadian
kings with similar names. These scholars [citation needed] thus generally considered the passage
anachronistic - the product of a much later period, such as during or after the Babylonian
Captivity. Others [citation needed] pointed out that the Lagomer of Kuder-Lagomer was an Elamite
deity's name, instead of the king's actual name, which some believe referred to a king that must