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asserted that Mandaeanism is of Judaic origin, this has been disputed as they may also have had a
common origin; at any rate, there are vehement polemics against Jews in Mandaean literature. [60]
Academic view of Moses
The German scholar Martin Noth:
• Accepts that Moses may have had some connection with the preparations for the conquest
of Canaan
• Recognizes a historical core "beneath" the Exodus and Sinai traditions
But on the other hand, Noth holds that:
• Two different groups experienced the Exodus and Sinai events and each group transmitted
its own stories independently of the other one.
• "The biblical story tracing the Hebrews from Egypt to Canaan resulted from an editor's
weaving separate themes and traditions around a main character Moses, actually an
obscure person from Moab." [1]
Other scholars such as William Foxwell Albright have a more favorable view towards the
traditional views regarding Moses and accept the essence of the biblical story, as narrated between
Exodus 1:8 and Deuteronomy 34:12, but recognize that impact the centuries of oral and written
transmission had on the account causing it to acquire layers of accretions. [1]
Historiography of Moses
The Moses Window at the Washington National Cathedral depicts the three stages in Moses' life.
Known extra-Biblical references to Moses date from many centuries after his supposed lifetime,
and contain significant departures from the Biblical account. In addition to the Judeo-Roman or
Judeo-Hellenic historians Artapanus, Eupolemus, Josephus, and Philo, a few gentile historians
including Polyhistor, Manetho and Tacitus make reference to him. The extent to which any of
these accounts rely on earlier sources is unknown. Moses also appears in other religious texts such
as the Midrash, Mishnah and Qur'an
No other surviving written records from Egypt, Assyria, etc., indisputably referring to the stories
of the Bible or its main characters before ca. 850s BC have been found, [61][62] and there is no
known physical evidence (such as pottery shards or stone tablets) to corroborate Moses'
existence. [63][64] However, destruction of unfavorable records by unsympathetic Pharaohs, and
even mass obliteration of cartouches from monuments, is known to have occurred at several
epochs in Ancient Egyptian history. [65]
Moses in Artapanus of Alexandria
This account is excerpted from the Hellenistic Jewish historian Artapanus of Alexandria (2nd
century BC), as reproduced by Eusebius of Caesarea.