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Feminist
Feminists agree with Marxists to the extent of religion acting as an
instrument of domination and oppression but not for the ruling class
but for men. They believe we live in a patriarchal society.
Karen Armstrong-'religion hasn't been good to women'; they have been
neglected to a marginal position.
She says however that women haven't always been subordinate within
religion e.g. in Europe archaeologists found a picture of a pregnant
naked women who was also a great mother goddess.
Jean Holm-many religions stress equality in practice, she says we are
far from equal e.g. in Japan folk religion, only men can take part in
festivals. These inequalities occur in most religions.
Simone de Beauvoir-Religion acts for females as it does to the
oppressed classes. Religion creates a false gender consciousness among
females. It makes women think they are equal to men when really they
aren't. Women like the oppressed classes, are told they will be
rewarded in heaven for they're sufferings.
Nawal el Saawadi- Egyptian feminist writer who was imprisoned for her
political activities writes about her oppression. She says there is an
immense patriarchal dominance in religion by men over women.
Women and they're resistance to religious oppression
Sociologist are realising now that women can no longer be seen as a
whole passive group.
They're are a number of feminists that see that religion isn't that
oppressive to women:
Leila Badawi-aspects of Islam are positive-women can keep they're name
when they get married.
Alexandra Wright-reform Judaism, has allowed women to become rabbis
since 1972
Quakerism- has never been oppressive to women.
Helen Watson- veiling- veiling is seen as an oppressive symbol in the
Islam religion. All Islamic women do not hold this view however. She
gives three examples, one of which chose it and found it liberating
the other found it appropriate and as a positive display of he
religious beliefs.
Postmodernism
Postmodernists argue that the old sociological searches for the grand
explanations of social behaviour are pointless. They believe there are
no absolute truths, and values in society are only relative ones.
Because society is more fragmented due to modernisation, they're also
more ideologies to choose from. Along with this added choice
non-traditional beliefs and behaviours are being adopted. People now
select their beliefs like they select lifestyles and leisure
activities - consumerism.