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Notas 579<br />

2. Wegmans trata de mantener sus valores culturales nucleares<br />

al contratar individuos apasionados con la industria<br />

de la comida, y al asignar a las tiendas nuevas una<br />

parte de empleados ya existentes. ¿Cuáles son las ventajas<br />

y desventajas de tratar de imponer una cultura similar<br />

a través de las diferentes áreas de una compañía?<br />

3. ¿Cuál es la fuerza principal de la cultura de Wegmans, y<br />

cuáles son algunas formas en que ha sido posible mantenerla?<br />

4. ¿Cómo podrían las historias y rituales desempeñar un<br />

papel para mantener la cultura corporativa de<br />

Wegmans?<br />

Fuente: Basado en E. Iwata, “Business Grow More Socially Conscious”, USA Today, 14 de junio de 2007, p. 3B; y M. Boyle y E. F. Kratz, “The<br />

Wegman’s Way”, Fortune, 24 de enero de 2005, pp. 62-66.<br />

Notas<br />

1. C. Ricketts, “When in London, Do as the Californians Do”, Wall<br />

Street Journal, 23 de enero de 2007, p. B5.<br />

2. P. Selznick, “Foundations of the Theory of Organizations”,<br />

American Sociological Review, febrero de 1948, pp. 25-35.<br />

3. Ver L. G. Zucker, “Organizations as Institutions”, en S. B.<br />

Bacharach (ed.), Research in the Sociology of Organizations<br />

(Greenwichi, CT: JAI Press, 1983), pp. 1-47; Al J. Richardson,<br />

“The Production of Institutional Behaviour: A Constructive<br />

Comment on the Use of Institutionalization Theory in<br />

Organizational Analysis”, Canadian Journal of Administrative<br />

Sciences, diciembre de 1986, pp. 304-316; L. G. Zucker,<br />

Institutional Patterns and Organizations: Culture and Environment<br />

(Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1988); R. L. Jepperson, “Ins -<br />

titutions, Institutional Effects, and Institutionalism”, en W. W.<br />

Powell y P. J. DiMaggio (eds.), The New Institutionalism in<br />

Organizational Analysis (Chicago: University of Chicago Press,<br />

1991), pp. 143-163; y T. B. Lawrence, M. K. Mauws, B. Dyck, y<br />

R. F. Kleysen, “The Politics of Organizational Learning:<br />

Integrating Power into the 4I Framework”, Academy of Mana -<br />

gement Review, enero de 2005, pp. 180-191.<br />

4. Ver, por ejemplo, H. S. Becker, “Culture: A Sociological View”,<br />

Yale Review, verano de 1982, pp. 513-527; y E. H. Schein,<br />

Organizational Culture and Leadership (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass,<br />

1985), p. 168.<br />

5. Esta descripción de siete conceptos se basa en C. A. O’Reilly III,<br />

J. Chatman, y D. F. Caldwell, “People and Organizational<br />

Culture: A Profile Comparison Approach to Assessing Person-<br />

Organization Fit”, Academy of Management Journal, septiembre de<br />

1991, pp. 487-516; y J. A. Chatman y K. A. Jehn, “Assessing the<br />

Relationship between Industry Characteristics and Orga nizational<br />

Culture: How Different Can You Be?” Academy of<br />

Management Journal, junio de 1994, pp. 522-553.<br />

6. El punto de vista de que habrá consistencia entre las percepciones<br />

de la cultura organizacional se denomina “perspectiva de la<br />

integración”. Para revisar estas perspectivas y conflictos de este<br />

enfoque, ver, D. Meyerson y J. Martin, “Cultural Change: An<br />

Integration of Three Different Views”, Journal of Management<br />

Studies, noviembre de 1987, pp. 623-647; y P. J. Frost, L. F.<br />

Moore, M. R. Louis, C. C. Lundberg, y J. Martin (eds.),<br />

Reframing Organizational Culture (Newbury Park, CA: Sage<br />

Publications, 1991).<br />

7. Ver J. M. Jermier, J. W. Slocum, Jr., L. W. Fry, y J. Gaines,<br />

“Organizational Subcultures in a Soft Bureaucracy: Resistance<br />

Behind the Myth and Facade of an Official Culture”,<br />

Organization Science, mayo de 1991, pp. 170-194; y S. A.<br />

Sackmann, “Culture and Subcultures: An Analysis of Orga -<br />

nizational Knowledge”, Administrative Science Quarterly, marzo de<br />

1992, pp. 140-161; G. Hofstede, “Identifying Organizational<br />

Subcultures: An Empirical Approach”, Journal of Management<br />

Studies, enero de 1998, pp. 1-12.<br />

8. T. A. Timmerman, “Do Organizations Have Personalities?”<br />

artículo presentado en 1996 en la National Academy of<br />

Management Conference, Cincinnati, OH, agosto de 1996.<br />

9. S. Hamm, “No Letup-And No Apologies”, Business Week, 26 de<br />

octubre de 1998, pp. 58-64; y C. Carlson, “Former Intel Exec<br />

Slams Microsoft Culture”, eWEEK.com, 26 de marzo de 2002,<br />

www.eweek.com/article2/0,1759,94976,00.asp.<br />

10. Ver, por ejemplo, G. G. Gordon y N. DiTomaso, “Predicting<br />

Corporate Performance from Organizational Culture”, Journal of<br />

Management Studies, noviembre de 1992, pp. 793-798; J. B.<br />

Sorensen, “The Strength of Corporate Culture and the Reliability<br />

of Firm Performance”, Administrative Science Quarterly, marzo<br />

de 2002, pp. 70-91; y J. Rosenthal y M. A Masarech, “High-<br />

Performance Cultures: How Values Can Drive Business Results”,<br />

Journal of Organizational Excellence, primavera de 2003, pp. 3-18.<br />

11. Y. Wiener, “Forms of Value Systems: A Focus on Organizational<br />

Effectiveness and Cultural Change and Maintenance”, Academy<br />

of Management Review, octubre de 1998, p. 536.<br />

12. R. T. Mowday, L. W. Porter, y R, M. Steers, Employee-Organization<br />

Linkages: The Psychology of Commitment, Absenteeism, and Turnover<br />

(Nueva York: Academic Press, 1982); y C. Vandenberghe,<br />

“Organizational Culture, Person-Culture Fit, and Turnover: A<br />

Replication in the Health Care Industry”, Journal of Or -<br />

ganizational Behavior, marzo de 1999, pp. 175-184.<br />

13. S. L. Dolan y S. Garcia, “Managing by Values: Cultural Redesign<br />

for Strategic Organizational Change at the Dawn of the Twenty-<br />

First Century”, Journal of Management Development, 21, no. 2<br />

(2002), pp. 101-117.<br />

14. Ver, C. A. O’Reilly y J. A Chatman, “Culture as Social Control:<br />

Corporations, Cults, and Commitment”, en B. M. Staw y L. L.<br />

Cummings (eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior, vol. 18<br />

(Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1996), pp. 157-200. Ver también M.<br />

Pinae Cunha, “The ‘Best Place to Be’: Managing Control and<br />

Employee Loyalty in a Knowledge-Intensive Company”, Journal<br />

of Applied Behavior Science, diciembre de 2002, pp. 481-495.<br />

15. T. E. Deal y A. A. Kennedy, “Culture: A New Look Through Old<br />

Lenses”, Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, noviembre de 1983,<br />

p. 501.<br />

16. J. Case, “Corporate Culture”, INC., noviembre de 1996, pp.<br />

42-53.<br />

17. Sorensen, “The Strength of Corporate Culture and the<br />

Reliability of Firm Performance”.<br />

18. Ver, por ejemplo, P. L. Moore, “She’s Here to Fix the Xerox”,<br />

Business Week, 6 de agosto de 2001, pp. 47-48; y C. Ragavan, “FBI<br />

Inc.”, U.S. News & World Report, 18 de junio de 2001, pp. 15-21.<br />

19. Ver C. Lindsay, “Paradoxes of Organizational Diversity: Living<br />

Within the Paradoxes”, en L. R. Jauch y J. L. Wall (eds.),<br />

Proceedings of the 50th Academy of Management Conference (San<br />

Francisco, 1990) , pp. 374-378; T. Cox, Jr., Cultural Diversity in

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