doğmunun 125. yılında mustafa kemal atatürk - Atatürk Araştırma ...

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M. NAEEM QURESHİ
finds ‘internal’ stimuli more important than the ‘outside’ influences. 5
Out of this intricate mesh emerged patterns of social stratification
that led to ideas eventually symbolized in the writings of intellectuals
like Namik Kemal, Tevfik Fikret, Ahmet Mithat, Halit Ziya, and
others. They gave a new meaning to the concept of the vatan
(fatherland) that helped to create a new form of identity and a new
political culture. 6 These ideas later seeped into the writings of Ziya
Gökalp and, as with the thinkers of the tanzimat and the meşrutiyet
eras, provided the intellectual stimulus to nationalist revolution,
especially in ‘de-Arabising’ Islam in Turkey. 7 Likewise, Mustafa
Kemal is believed to have been inspired by Abdullah Cevdet in his
drive towards westernization, by Celal Nuri Heri in his reform of the
alphabet, and by Hakki Kiliçoglu in reform of women’s rights. 8 In
addition, there was the impact of a sense of history which Mustafa
Kemal developed from his appraisal of the works of both the Turkish
and foreign historians and philosophers. 9 Enver Ziya Karal counts at
least four European thinkers whose works interested Mustafa Kemal
the most: Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Emile Durkheim, Auguste Mignet
and, more particularly, August Compte. 10 Kemal’s collaborators,
particularly among the military officers, also evinced strong
ideological and intellectual tendencies with secular-nationalist and
etatist preferences. 11
Whatever the intellectual-philosophical basis of Kemalism
the Question of Muslim Unity’, in Rashid Ahmad (Jullundhri) and Muhammad
Afzal Qarshi (eds.), Islam in South Asia (Lahore, 1995), 315.
5 Kemal H. Karpat, ‘The Transformation of the Ottoman State, 1789-1908’, in
id., Studies on Ottoman Social and Political History (Leiden, 2002), 27-
74. Also see Ali Kazancigil and Ergun Ozbudun, ‘Introduction’, id., (eds.),
Atatürk: Founder of a Modern State (London, 1981), 2-3.
6 Karpat, ‘The Transformation of the Ottoman State, 1789-1908’, 48-54; and
Kenneth Cragg, Counsels in Contemporary Islam (Edinburgh, 1965), 145.
7 Kuran, ‘The Reforms of Atatürk’, 11-12.
8 Ibid., 12.
9 He described histpry as the ‘defining science’. See Azmi Siislii, ‘ Atatürk and
History’, in id. (ed.), A Handbook of Kemalist Thought, esp. 169-76.
10 Enver Ziya Karal, ‘The Principles of Kemalism’, in Kazancigil and Ozbudun,
(eds.), Atatürk, 13-14.
11 S. N. Eisenstadt, ‘The Kemalist Regime and Modernization: Some Comparative
and Analytical Remarks’, in Jacob M. Landau (ed.), Atatürk and the
Modernization of Turkey (Boulder & Leiden, 1984), 14.