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ATATÜRK’S REFORMS AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE MUSLIM WORLD 533
parade and sailed on board the steamer Izmir to Batum. But the
most important event was the signing of a pact of friendship and
cooperation between Turkey and Afghanistan whereby each pledged
to grant the other the most-favoured-nation status. Apparently, there
were no military clauses but Turkey undertook to send to Afghanistan
military, legal and scientific experts. Additionally, the status of the
Turkish legation at Kabul was raised to that of an embassy and
Hikmet Bey was nominated as the first Turkish ambassador. 47 On 6
June, Amanullah was sent off from Turkey with costly presents and
rare courtesy. 48 This was in sharp contrast to his visit earlier to King
Fuad in Egypt (26 December 1927-5 January 1928) that had ended
in a fiasco or later to Reza Shah in Iran (6-20 June 1928) that had
aroused the jealousy of his host and the wrath of the mujtahids for
not veiling his queen in Meshed. 49
Was Amanullah imitating Czar Peter the Great of Russia who
had gone to Europe to learn the secrets of modernization first hand?
From his declarations it is seems his intentions were similar. In his
very first speech on returning home, he stated effusively: “I visited
Europe not for pleasure, recreation or the purpose of machinery, but
in order that I might explore the real road to progress.... Whatever I
learned will shortly be laid before the nation. It will then rest with
the nation to judge which was my object—the betterment of my
country and nation or the personal interests of Amanullah and Queen
Souraya”. 50 Apparently, his red carpet receptions by the European
royalty had gone to his head and made him loose his sense of
proportion. He thought he could successfully replicate the European
model of development in his own country. 51 But when he realized
47 Pioneer, 30 May and 3 June 1928.
48 Civil & Military Gazette, 25 May 1928. In Istanbul, Amanullah also visited
the Topkapi Palace which housed the sacred relics of the Prophet but when he
expressed his desire to step inside the chamber he was politely told that the
custodian’s key would not open the hall. See Rhea Talley Stewart, Fire in
Afghanistan, 1914-1929: Faith, Hope and the British Empire (New York,
1973), 365-6.
49 See Stewart, Fire in Afghanistan, 327-8 and 366-8; and Roland Wild,
Amanullah: Ex-King ofAfghanistan (London, 1932), 100-3.
50 Quoted in Stewart, Fire in Afghanistan, 369.
51 Wild, Amanullah, 99-100, 107 and 119-21. Also see Gregorian, The