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ATATÜRK’S REFORMS AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE MUSLIM WORLD 535
elements at home got ready to oppose him. Mysterious hands
distributed Queen Sorayya’s pictures in European dress and
unveiled at receptions. 57 Already incensed at the loss of their power
in educational and legal spheres, the mullas, to whom Amanullah’s
reforms were an anathema, were spoiling for a showdown. They issued
a proclamation that the king was a kafir who was leading their country
away from Islam. 58 Amanullah had failed to heed warnings sounded
by several rebellions, the most serious of which had been the Khost
uprising of 1924, and continued with his programme of unpopular
reform while neglecting his army. The drift was accentuated by his
European tour and a very serious revolt broke out in the Shinwari
area. It quickly spread to other tribes. 59 His fall and abdication in
1929, however, was not a Pashtun doing. It was spearheaded by a
Tajik warlord who captured power as Amir Habibullah II before he,
too, was ousted by tribal forces led by Nadir Khan. 60 The episode is
symptomatic of the deeper malaise which is outside the scope of the
present paper. But one must refer to Leon Poullada’s contention that
social reforms were not really the cause of the conflagration as they
had grudgingly found acceptance. In his opinion, ‘the rebellion was
primarily political in nature and was merely an aggravated recurrence
of tribal separatism’. 61 In other words, what lay at the bottom of the
trouble was the fear on the part of the tribal leaders that Amanullah’s
attempts to create a strong central government would effectively
curtail their power and privileges. And they aligned themselves
readily with the mullas, who they thought were good propagandists. 62
Amanullah tried to treat Afghanistan as the state that he attempted
to create rather than the tribal entity that it was. 63 Anyway, the one
power that could have saved Amanullah was the British and they had
57 Dupree, Afghanistan, 450.
58 Stewart, Fire in Afghanistan, 390-1.
59 Ludwig W. Adamec, Historical and Political Who’s Who of Afghanistan
(Austria, 1975), 118.
60 See Richard Tapper’s introduction to his edited work, The Conflict of Tribes
and State in Iran andAfghanistan (London & Canberra, 1983), esp. 36-7.
61 Poullada, Reform and Rebellion in Afghanistan, 144-52.
62 Ibid., 152-9.
63 Tapper’s introduction in his The Conflict of Tribes and State in Iran and
Afghanistan, 37.