PDF Dosyası - Ankara Üniversitesi Kitaplar Veritabanı

tration (Etat de droit, Rechîsstaat). Certain state orgeanizations, includingthe military and the intelligence service (MİT), are not subject to the controlof representative institutions. Domestic security issues are to a largeextent given to the Army, instead of the poliçe forces, which are undertrainedand under-equipped. There is no appropriate system of checks andbalances betvveen the executive and legislative povvers. The Parliament isineffective, with little investigative povvers and not alvvays involved inmajör domestic and external issues. The judiciary is not independent. Thestate security courts are not compatible with an independent justice. Therecord on human rights and fundamental freedoms is dismal. Numerousarticles in the 1982 Constitution are not democratic, and there are some800 laws and decrees stili in force, adopted by the 1980-83 military regime.The above-mentioned democratic deficiencies are well-known to thepublic opinion. Most of the non-democratic features remain unattendedand generate unacceptable situations. There are violations of humanrights, torture and brutality by security forces, political assassinations(some 4.000 since 1991), the authors of which are very exceptionally arrested,and journalists in prison (some 40 according to European sources,10 according to a declaration made by the Minister of Justice in August1998).Another majör problem is the Kurdish question vvhich has been onthe political agenda ever since the PKK started its violent activities in1984. None of the governments över 15 years ever seriously tried, in parallelto the legitimate military action against terrorism, to look for democraticsolutions to the problem. Fundamentally, a question of identitarianclaims and recognition of cultural rights, as well as a problem of socioeconomicdevelopment, it should have been treated as a democracy andhuman rights problem. With a deplorable lack of political wisdom, theKurdish question vvas reduced to PKK terrorism. Democratically electeddeputiees, defending a non-violent solution were jailed in 1984; politicalparties promoting the same approach have been banned. In the meantime,35.000 persons have died, över 3.000 villages have been destroyed oremptied, 3 million persons had to emigrate to urban zones.The penetration of the state and political parties by criminal organizations,and corruption have reached incredible proportions. The "cleanhands" operation started in 1998 by the current government, if it is to besuccessful, will have to be accompanied by a serious pruning of corruptindividuals in the political parties and State administrations.The legal system is anachronic. For example, while the Mafıa chiefs,protected by the secret services and corrupt politicians are only very exceptionallyarrested and condemmed, 16-17 year-old secondary schoolstudents who had vvritten leftist slogans on street vvalls in Manisa have233