PDF Dosyası - Ankara Üniversitesi Kitaplar Veritabanı

form the country on the basis of European state principles modern forthose days.Two trends can be distinguished in this movement. A more liberalwing advocating a great Turkey in which also non-Turks could be includedand a Turkish nationalistic school vvanting to form an exclusivelyTurkish state. It is this group that founded the Committee of the Unityand Progress and that laid the basis for the Turkish Republic.Their efforts to stop the deterioration of the Empire were not successful.During the Balkans war at the eve of the first World War ali regionsof the Balkan peninsula vvere lost except for Constantinople and itssurroundings. Their leaders saw to it that an alliance vvas formed betvveenthe Othman Empire and Germany. These countries fought together in thefirst World War against the Allied Povvers. This fıght ended up againstGermany and its allies, thus also against the Othman Empire. This resultedamong other things in an intense interference of the Allied Povversvvith the course of events vvithin this Empire after the vvar. Certain partsvvere ripped off, foreign troops invaded the country and considerableparts vvere occupied.Meanvvhile the future of the Othman Empire vvas also a point of discussionat the peace talks held in Paris. In 1920 the treaty of Sevres vvasconcluded, in vvhich among other things capitulation of the Othman Empirevvas formally settled.This treaty vvas disastrous for the Othman Empire: it had to give uppractically ali areas in the north-east, south-east and the West of the countryand moreover the Allied Povver got practically complete military andeconomic control of the Turkish nuclear area, Anatolia.. No vvonder thatin Turkey itself great opposition arose against this treaty very disadvantageousand even humiliating for Turkey.Mustafa Kemal and the realization of the Republic of TurkeyOne of the most remarkable leaders of the early hour of the oppositionvvas the officer Mustafa Kemal. As the leader of the army he had arespectable record of services. It is vvell-knovvn that he played an importantrole in 1915 in beating off the invasion of the Allies at the Dardanelles.He had not very much moved in politics up to then.It is knovvn that although not participating in the movement of theyoung Turks, he sympathizes vvith their ideas up to a certain extent. Novvonder that he mainly emphasizes foreign oppression in organizing theopposition. Practically everyone in Turkey agreed on this; also the traditionalleaders of the country. His reform plans vvould only later take in acentral position. After he had ended up the fıght for independence suc-288