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ism', aıı ethnic-oriented concept of citizenship, and last but not least, 'anation founded on faith'. Nationalism and secularism, the two foundingprinciples of the Turkish republic, are not only attacked from a specificallyGerman perspective and east into doubt. One observes also that theGerman critique of Kemalism uses to an inereasing degree the argumentsof those who are antagonistic to the Turkish republic. Thus, Turkish nationalismis questioned using the same arguments as put forvvard by theKurdish chauvinists, vvhile the criticism of the Kemalist principle of secularismdravvs its arguments from the polemics of the Islamic fundamentalists.These attacks on the tvvo most important principles of Kemalism, pirinciplesto vvhich the Turkish nation ovves is existence, are disquietingfor tvvo reasons. For one thing, ali aspects of German Turkey journalism -vvhether popular, academic, or clerical- display an alarming uniformity ofopinion that condemns every deviation from its preconceived notions as'unscholarly' or even 'pro-Kemalist'. For another, the anthropologicalprograms of the German research institutes located in Turkey and fundedby the German state not only lead to a reinforcing of German prejudiceson, but they seek to engage diverse segments of the Turkish population ina discussion of their theses and results Turkey (vvhich is actually acknovvledgedin the formulation of their projects) 82 . The German critiqueof Kemalism should be vigilantly observed since "by mobilizing previouslydisunited sources of discontent" (of vvhich there are enough in theyoung and vital Turkish society) "many a conflict may be stirred to lifeby using the rod of ethnicity" 83 .82. Die Tiirkei im Spannungsfeld von Nationalismus und europaiseher Integration. Acommon project of the Orient Institute of the German Western Society (OII) and theInstitut Français d'Etudes Anatoliennes-Georges Dumezil (IFEA), funded by the EuropeanUnion program MEDA-democracy.83. Friedrich Heckmann: Ethnische Minderheiten, Volk und Nation, p. 33, FerdinandEnke Verlag, Stuttgart, 1992.834