PDF Dosyası - Ankara Üniversitesi Kitaplar Veritabanı

It is certainly an easy task to determine reciprocal assistance betweenmovements of liberation and states in the making in terms of materialgoods or financial helpy. For one it is quantifiable, and usually, it is documentedin detail, whenever documents are stili extant. It is much of aharder endeavor to assess mutual assistance when it comes to psychologicaleffects such as the feeling of solidarity for instance. If the formerdeals with measurable facts, the letter rather tackles feelings and emotions.Their impact on the unfolding historical events, hovvever, may holdthe same strength in both cases.By the end of the second decade of the 20th century, Morocco andthe remnant parts of the Ottoman Empire were undergoing profound and,to a certain extent, similar transformations.On the left hand of the map, since 1912, the international status ofMorocco was that of a double-protectorate: the Northern and Southernparts of the country had been given to Spain while the central parts, by farthe richest and most populated, had been allotted to France, through a seriesof international agreements betvveen the main colonial powers on theeve of World War I. The real occupation of ali these parts, hovvever, vvasto take more than 22 years, as a number of resistance movements brokeout ali över these regions. The most important among these vvas undoubtedlythe Rifıan war of liberation which attained its peak in the decisivevictory of Anwal in July 1921, under the leadership of Muhammed Bin'Abd-al Karim al-Khattabi, more frequently known as 'Abd al-Karim. 1He drove the Spanish forces back to the presidios, i.e. the Spanish enclaveson the Moroccan shores of the Mediterranean: Sabta and Malilla.It vvill take the Spaniards and the French who came to their rescue fouryears later several years before they could overcome the Rifian resistance,in 1926, thus cutting short a political experiment at state building.On the right hand of the map, the Ottoman Empire vvent into the warto the side of the Central povvers and, in 1918, found itself among the losers.In 1919, with its capital under real if not legal occupation, it lookedlike bound to a colonial fate and become just one of the other protectoratesand mandates that took över its former possessions. Here again, anew leader, Mustafa Kemal, of the traditional leadership, will carry onthe resistance to the occupation forces and eventually establish a fully politicalnew regime: the Turkish Republic.1. It is, perhaps, worth noticing an interesting parallel: both leaders gained fame undernames different from those given to them originally. Abd al-Karim, the name bywhich the Rifian leader came to be known to many scholars as well as to the publicat large, is in fact his father's name. His actual name being Mihammad. See Abd el-Krim et la r£publique du Rif, Paris: François Maspero, 1976, p. 165. As for MustafaKemal, his eventual name, Kamal Atatürk, certainly overshadovved his given nameof Mustafa. See Volkan, Vamik and Norman Itzkowitz, The Immortal Atatürk aPsychobiography, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1984, pp. 36-37 and300-302.640