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the post-1788 consequences of the invasion or settlement of a continent(this is important vis-â-vis Turkey vvith its landed connections to Europe,the Middle East and West Asia) and the social, economic and politicalproblems resulting from such dysfunctions and accommodations. Ofthese, Australia, in spite of a populist/anti-Aboriginal rural backlash, isvvell avvare that health, employment, education and erime are amongst thevvorst in the develope vvorld. Both countries have skeletaons in the elosetvvhich need to be both individually and mutually rattled so that policiescan be formulated and solutions, or at least productive agreements, can beformulated.Betvveen the Chanak crisis of September 1922, hadled vvith masterlyskill by Atatürk, but vvhich also demonstrated Australia's reluctance toembark on another Churchillian adventure, Australian-Turkish contactsremained slender until the 1960s vvhen the bilateral agreements on emigrationand, later, trade, stili prevailed in Australia until the fail of Singaporeon 6 February 1942 shook the imperial connection vvith Britain in aliits manifestations to the core 22 .Australia culturally and socially langished betvveen the Armisticeand the outbreak of the Second World War, preferring to attempt to returnto Victorian values, Empire attachments and rural production rather thanto more adventurously revive the concepts of the "Nevv Commonvvealth"embraced betvveen 1901 and 1914. Not so in Turkey vvith Atatürk's rapidand determined construction of a nevv society and a modern state 23 .Amid trovving fears that a nevv World War vvas probable, Atatürk'sdeath on 10 November 1938 vvas marked by more than usual attention inAustralia. Munich, rearmament, Jevvish persecutions in Germany and internalpolitical problems revived interest in his achievements and the futuredirection of the fifteen-year-old Republic. Four years earlier, the ProfessorHistory at Sydney University, S.H. Roberts, had, in a remarkablearticle, paid tribute to Atatürk's drive tovvards national development, hisemancipation of vvomen, and his "vvonderful courage and disinterastedpatriotism" vvhich has produced Kemalism "vvhich spells peace and prosperityfor the vvhole north-eastern Mediterranean". Roberts' statementthat "I knovv of nothing in modern history to compare vvith the achievementsof Mustapha Kemal Pash, the Ghazi of Turkey" 24 vvas, given theconfusion of the times, a remarkable one. At Atatürk's funeral the BritishEmpire vvas represented by Lord Birdvvood "the soul of Anzac" andCommander of the Australian imperial Force, 1915-1918. Australia then22. Spartalis, P„ The Diplomatic Battles of Billy Hughes, Sydney 1983, pp.232-248(Chanak crisis).23. VVilliams, J.F., The Quarantined Culture. Australian Reactions to Modernism, Melbourne,1995.24. Sydney Mail, 18 April, 1934, p.8.696