PDF Dosyası - Ankara Üniversitesi Kitaplar Veritabanı

the Patriarchate in istanbul be replaced by clergy who used the local language—Serbian, Bulgarian, Rumanian. Nationalism in the Balkans, ethnicityif vve employ a more recent identifıer, vvas frequently inseparablylinked vvith religion and language.Throughout the Empire, the existence of semi-autonomous communitiesvvho vvere free to follovv their religion and regulate their ovvn internalaffairs vvas, both in the context of the late Middle Ages and EarlyModern Era, unusual but signifıcant signs of toleration (hoşgörü) and theIslamic state's staying out of the religious belief systems of subject peoples,a proto-secularist policy.Of the different ethnic groups that made up the human mosaic of theEmpire, the Turks vvere one community vvhere language and religionvvere seperate: they practiced islam, used Arabic in formal ritual, andspoke Turkish in their daily lives. Turkish vvas also the language of theirbards and poets, and Sufi dervishes like Yunus Emre vvho spread theheartbeat of mystic islam through saz and söz. The state vvas distant, itsadministrative authority, derivative of Islamic political theory, vvas alsodistant, exercised through its offıcials.The Turkish national avvakening came late in comparison to Europeand to the subject ethnic communities vvithin the Ottoman Empire. Turkishlanguage reform supplemented, rather than preceeded the process ofbecoming an independent nation. Unlike many other national movements(such as in Germany and in the Balkans in the nineteenth century) vvhichpromoted a national language as arallying cry for independence, the intenseperiod of change in Turkish took place after the threat of foreignpolitical hegemony vvas över and the Republic vvas established.Turkish national identity, combining language and land, fınds expressionin the Misak-i Milli, the assertion of convergence of languageand boundary as determinants of territory to be claimed for the turkish nation.The Turkish War of Liberation vvas fought vvithin the framevvork ofthis commitment. The vvorking out of the details vvas to follovv. HovvTurkish, the language of the people, vvould dovetail vvith the program ofthe Republic vvas put on hold until full sovereignty vvas achieved.A brief look into the Tanzimat period, the later part of the nineteenthcentury, informs us of the grovving Ottoman avvareness of the political,economic, diplomatie, and military ascendancy of Europe. The openingof the Translation Office to provide future administrators vvith knovvledgeof French vvas a fırst step in the effort to attain parity. Recognition ofavailability of resources not accessible in Turkish led to translation of instructionalmanuals in military and veterinary science, engineering, andmedicine, vvhile the need to inform the public and obtain its cooperationgave rise to nevvspapers. The initial stages of language simplification arethus connected vvith a practical approach to translation, eventually ex-798