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Buchanan, R. A., "industrial Archaeology in Britain", Penguin, 1966. in, 1977.DİE, "Türkiye'de Toplumsal ve Ekonomik Gelişmenin 50 Yılı", 1973.inan, A., "Devletçilik İlkesi ve Türkiye Cumhuriyetinin Birinci Sanayi Planı", Türk TarihKurumu, 1972.İnan, A., "Türkiye Cumhuriyetinin İkinci Sanayi Planı", Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1989.Issawi, C., "The Economic History of Turkey", The University of Chicago Press, 1980.Kepenek, Y. ve Yentürk, N., "Türkiye Ekonomisi", Remzi Kitabevi, 6. Basım, 1994.Keyder, Ç., "Dünya Ekonomisi İçinde Türkiye", Tarih Vakfı, 1995.Kurmuş, O., "Emperyalizmin Türkiye'ye Girişi", Bilim Yayınları, 1974.Ökçün, G., "Osmanlı Sanayii: 1913; 1915 Yılları Sanayi İstatistikleri", AÜSBF Yayını,1971.Ökçün, G., "Türkiye İktisat Kongresi 1923", AÜSBF Yayını, 1968.Ricardo, D., "The Principles of Political Economy and Tcucation", Dent, 1962.Singer, M., "The Economic Advance of Turkey, 1938-1960", Turkish Economic Society,1977.Sugar, P. F., "Economic Modernization in Japan and Turkey", Princeton, 1964 içinde.Tekeli, İ., ve İlkin S., "Uygulamaya Geçerken Türkiye'de Devletçiliğin Oluşumu",ODTÜ, 1982.Tezel, Y. S., "Cumhuriyet Döneminin İktisadi Tarihi", Tarih Vakfı, 1995.Toprak, Z„ "Milli İktisat-Milli Burjuvazi", Yurt Yayınlan, 1995.Türel, O., "Uluslararası Ticaret ve Teknolojik Değişme: Teori ve Politika Sorunları ÜzerindeBir Değerlendirme", DİE, Teknoloji ve İstihdam, (Editör: Tuncer Bulutay),1998, ss. 135-142.Türkcan, E., (Oktar Türel'in Çalışması Üzerine) "Yorum", DİE, Teknoloji ve İstihdam,(Editör: Tuncer Bulutay), 1998, ss. 135-142.Türkcan, E., "Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin Bilim ve Teknoloji Politikalan, 1923-1998: TarihiBir Perspektif", O.D.T.Ü.de yapılan 75. Yıl Kongresi'nde sunulan bildiri. (10-12Aralık 1998).760
TURKISH ECONOMY ON THE THRESHOLD OFTHE 21st CENTURY: A CRITICAL REVIEW OFSOME RECENT INTERNATIONALAPPRAISALSProf. Dr. Dr. h.c. Şefik Alp BAHADIR*INTRODUCTIONIn these days, as we approach the next millennium, the Republic ofTürkiye -as it is now officially known- celebrates its 75th anniversaryand, throughout the country, festivities are taking place to mark the event.This is an appropriate occasion to take stock of the achievements of thisvery young state. This paper is an attempt to undertake such stocktakingin the field of political economy and derives two main results. First, inthe 20th century when most countries got "stuck" in a path of insufficientgrowth and economic backvvardness, Turkey has revealed a high degreeof adaptive effıciency vvith regard to changing global economic trendsand external shocks, and this promises to be the most outstanding developmentalasset of the country in the next millenium. Second, this high degreeof adaptive effıciency of the Turkish economy is the outcome of thecultural renevval and the nevv belief system of the Turkish society vvhichoriginate in Atatürk's cultural reforms. The first section of the papergauges the economic signifıcance of culture by exploring the concepts ofpath dependence and adaptive effıciency. The second section touches onfour episodes of successful economic policy changes in the past vvhichdisplay the adaptive effıciency of the economic system in Turkey. Thepaper concludes vvith some general observation on the Turkish economyon the threshold of the 2İst century.Professor Bahadır is holder of the Chair for Contemporary Middle Eastern Researchat the Institute of Economics of the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg. At thepresent, he is also executive director of the Interdisciplinary Central Institute ofRegional Research of the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg; Director of the GraduateSchool of Interdisciplinary Middle East Studies of the Universities of Bambergand Erlangen-Nuremberg; and Predean of the Faculty of Philosophy of the Universityof Erlangen-Nuremberg.761
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TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİNİN YETMİ
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ISBN 975-482-481-9Ankara Üniversit
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Gazmend SHPUZA: Arnavutluk İle Tü
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Prof. Dr. Zheng-hua DONG: Chinese V
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ÖNSÖZTürkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin 75.
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SUNUŞKonferansımız Atatürk, Ata
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dır. Mustafa Kemal'in 1920-1921 y
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yasal partilerin, sendikaların, me
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TÜRK DEVRIMININ DEMOKRASI KURAMıN
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iner ideolojik kalıplar altına d
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aştacı edildiği bir çağda müs
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diyordu, "Değişmelerin sabit ve d
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"Devletin temel görevlerini gereğ
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'Devletin ekonomik etkinliklerinin
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THE NATURE OF THE KEMALIST REVOLUT
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cal aspect of Kemalism as the "limi
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economy, provided its workers with
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Some people in Turkey, unfortunatel
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parties and socialist publications.
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A set of causes explains this protr
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Mustafa Kemal, the most outstanding
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ness, faced by the need to have the
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lims, it had a strong demonstrative
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leader, Kemal Atatürk, whose think
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ATATÜRKISM AN INITIATIVE OF A MODE
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applied in the 30 s has been influe
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conditioned on some incomplete aspe
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ATATÜRK AND THE ıDEA OF A REPUBLI
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He gave up the idea of maintaining
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nin değerleri ile kesişmiyordu. A
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nm farkedilmemesi mümkün değildi
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haklarının, azınlıkların tanı
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HıZLı ÇAĞDAŞLAŞMA MODELI OLAR
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duğu ve bunu çok hızlı ve süre
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Türkiye'yi, bir zamanlar bütün
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Bugünün Türk gençliğinin aşı
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lenemez Yunus Emre "yetmiş iki mil
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Şu halde Atatürk'ün hümanist d
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ÇAĞDAŞ TÜRKIYE'NIN TEMELI KEMAL
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iya, tabandan tavana sağlam bir ya
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ikliğe göre, insan yaşamında ib
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ması gerekmekteydi. Bu anlayış T
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- Ziraat okulları açılarak, tar
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da iktisadiyat gibi) siyasî açıd
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MUSTAFA KEMAL ATATÜRKProf. Dr. Kam
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Raised from early childhood in a no
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ing, meant that the old order had t
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REFLECTıONS ON THE EARLY TURKISHRE
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evolutions and social revolutions.
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phase of its national independence
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away probably came up with with sim
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MUSTAFA KEMAL TÜRKIYESI VE AVRUPAO
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kültürünü unutmadan ilerleme yo
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DE GAULLE'S TURKEYEdouard SABLIER*L
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paid a hcariful hommage to the Maus
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TÜRKIYE CUMHURIYETI'NIN BALKANDEVL
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Ankara 'da şanlı orduHer tarafa
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cukluğundan ölümüne dek yaşam
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İnönü Dağları 'ndan neferler g
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turyalıların ve Krallık Yugoslav
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sonra "Bu şekildeki Türkiye, ger
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oluşan "Savremena Turska" (Çağda
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Daha geçlerde, özellikle Atatürk
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Alirıza Saraçoğlu'ndan başka Ra
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Durmak" yazılan ile ve "Atatürk
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"Bu yapıtı okurken, Yunan tarafı
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kabul görmüştür. Aynı dönemde
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icat fiili ricata dönüşürken, H
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ir dönemde Türkiye'nin herhangi b
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zaafı sorunsalından yola çıkıl
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yönetiminin ve egemenliğinin Tür
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önceliği vardı. Uluslararası si
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karak bu dönemde dış politikayı
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dünyada uluslararası ilişkilerde
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kadar direktiflerinde Bulgarlarla i
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andlaşmayı yenilen bir devlet ola
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kanına göre, anlaşmalarının im
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uları yanıtlamıştır. Uyumu boz
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liyiz ki son 20 yıl içersinde Tü
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Bu belgelerden (en önemlisi olan L
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hası, Patriklik kurumu büyük ola
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İkinci maddenin sonucunda yaklaş
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yaklaşık beş yüze gerileyerek,
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Önemli bir bölümü İstanbul'da
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tayin edildiler ve bu özellikle Po
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demiştir. Yunanistan'ı savunması
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Genel Değerlendirme: Bu baskılar
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) Küreselleşme rüzgarları: İlk
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ARNAVUTLUK İLE TÜRKİYE ARASINDAD
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Uzun tarihsel dönemler için, öze
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Kasımın ilk haftasında heyeti on
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ümitlerini haklı çıkarmadığı
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REFLECTIONS OF MUSTAFA KEMALATATURK
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Exhausted by the wars that lasted f
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emained recorded in Yugoslav histor
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Ataja were translated and published
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"ATATÜRK İNKILÂPLARI" VEROMANYA
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Dobrogea=Dobruca Müslümanlarını
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görevlerini sürdürmüşlerdir. H
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SOME OBSERVATIONS ON İSLAM ANDSECU
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naticism, is stripped of ali mediev
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The other question relates to the c
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eligious differences. Secularism is
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eplaced by new and revised laws in
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introduction of Code Napoleon, and
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Çok sık belirtildiği gibi Cumhur
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mokrat Parti, önde gelen yönetici
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lılar"ın müziği dinsel bir biç
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tır. Bu yeni terkib İslam dini il
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II. Law is increasingly understood
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III. National codifications lose gr
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traditions or being original creati
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day mostly qualified as being unluc
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In our days the antagonism of the b
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from its pre-existing legal backgro
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tion to the other countries of Roma
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ciety bodies, were cut off from pol
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een condemned and jailed for severa
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tional economy and industry, quite
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lutions to the Kurdish question are
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civil society and representative in
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They appealed to a larger percentag
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ing its ethnic and religious compon
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The much-talked-about modifications
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no democracy without complete press
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have created a situation of anomie
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ettiği ortak nokta kitle iletişim
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ir aşamaya ulaşmıştır. Tüm d
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KÜRESELLEŞME VE KEMALİZMProf. Dr
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Bütün bunlardan sonra, bugüne de
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ülmüyor. Küreselleşmenin yanda
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lar vardır. Bir sınıfın çıkar
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Kemalist devrim, padişahın kulu o
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çelişki vardır. Bu nedenledir ki
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j imler altında inleyen insanları
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Türkiye'deki sorunun temelinde yat
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gürlüklerin en çok tahribe uğra
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DEVLETİN YENİDEN YAPILANDIRILMASI
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ortaklıklarda toplamış olan sın
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korunmalıdır. İşkence bitirilme
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dary scenes at the Hellespont and o
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After adopting the republic form of
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With reference to the international
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form the country on the basis of Eu
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People's Party- that could do so up
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made big mistakes in the seculariza
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vvas thus very diffıcult. Eventual
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LİTERATÜRE1. Barchard D. Turkey a
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highest wisdom, its hidden spiritua
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Ali his life vvas fırmly connected
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titles for disobedience to Sultan's
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After the ousting of the invaders T
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tively bad canditions, to share the
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In the period of Mustafa Kemal's go
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this program realization, that sinc
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The present Georgia-Turkey relation
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Menderes hükümeti bu alanda daha
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sürede de olsa mutlaka iktidarı e
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öncülüğünü sürdürmektedir.
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sağlamıştır. Bu bağlamda dini
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THE FUTURE OF KEMALİSM AND DEMOCRA
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At the 1991 general elections, the
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countries. The economic policy of
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stitutions from politics and educat
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1938 SONUNDA PARIS BASıNıNDA ATAT
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Neredeyse yüzyıllık olan l'Illus
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çalışmayı öğreniyordu. Anadol
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devlet adamı ile antropolog arası
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- "Ankara sokaklarında cenaze kort
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çimde destek bulduğu geniş halk
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nıyordu ve aynı kalınlıktaydı
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VU. 557, 16.XI.1938, s. 1446.VU. 55
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VU. 557, 16.XI.1938, s. 1446.VU. 55
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fL'Illustration, 4997, 10.XII.1938,
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L'Illustration, 4995, 26.XII.1938,
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L'IUustration, 4997, 10.XII.1938, s
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L'lllustration, 4997, 10.XII.1938,
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360L'lllustration, 4997, 10.XII.193
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tanbul et izmir vers la moitie du X
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passe, mais les avantages ainsi acq
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into a republic, reduced an empire
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nĞcessite d'etudier les ph^nom&nes
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ATATÜRK ET LA LAİCITEDr. Xavier J
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Le 5 decembre 1934 le droit de vote
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deuxieme acte; et cette revolution
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Toriğine du mouvement des Nourdjou
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es aux hommes." Puis il continue en
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cupation politique elles pourront s
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il annonce la creation d'une commis
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d'abord un moyen pour redonner â l
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SOUVENıRS ET REFLEXıONS SUR LA PE
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sonnalites politiques turques se la
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et les produetions du pays etaient
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different, du Pacte balkanique de 1
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En effet, le besoin et le d£sir de
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et de la Libye 10 . Si les capacite
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une croissance annuelle moyenne de
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ques 18 , l'on observe l'evolution
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en Yougoslavie et en Pologne, et le
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portations turques dans cette zone
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les islamistes se montrent particul
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cain) et celui (russe) qui contröl
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quilibre, â partir du milieu des a
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que d'Incirlik, avec une autorisati
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fait qu'aggraver cette crainte; â
Page 432 and 433:
ne cherche â dramatiser la questio
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1970 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
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ANNEXE3L'EVACUATİON DES PETROLES D
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de pays voisins qui ont forme la Pe
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decembre, le journal "ikdam" sugger
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et tres agreable". "Tr£s forte, co
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"Pourquoi, avait-il dit alors, les
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L'ıNFLUENCE DES IDEES DE MUSTAFA K
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ent entamer la sympathie des Algeri
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est utile d'ailleurs de rappeler qu
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hommes envers Atatürk exprime d'un
Page 455 and 456:
Mais au-delâ de cette ambiance, l'
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effet, il y a un d6nominateur commu
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sont apprecies en tant que tels, qu
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Algeriens. Tous considerent neanmoi
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dignite" 71 . Mais le discours est
Page 465 and 466:
tions hegemoniques de la religion 7
Page 467 and 468:
sulmane algerienne" 89 . Ferhat Abb
Page 469 and 470:
LA LECTURE DE L'EXPERIENCE LAİQUE
Page 471 and 472:
Toute l'histoire des rapports de l'
Page 473 and 474:
nement l'un des premiers â avoir c
Page 475 and 476:
m6tisme de FOccident.» Le volontar
Page 477 and 478:
Sous Senghor, les initiatives premi
Page 479 and 480:
Dejâ avec l'esprit de la renaissan
Page 481 and 482:
MODERN TUNISIA AND TURKEY(A COMPARA
Page 483 and 484:
"The Great National Assembly" meeti
Page 485 and 486:
Despite this attitude, the State ha
Page 487:
During the 1960 decade, no politica
Page 490 and 491:
dırdı; ağırlık Anadolu'dan Bal
Page 492 and 493:
dan doğruya bütün medeni âlemle
Page 494 and 495:
Lord Curzon, Ankara'ya bir Büyüke
Page 496 and 497:
"2. Büyükelçi İstanbul 'da otur
Page 498 and 499:
gerekirdi. İngiltere, kendi başke
Page 500 and 501:
nümü resepsiyonunu resmen Ankara'
Page 502 and 503:
Anadolu'nun önemli bölümlerinin
Page 504 and 505:
nı yapan ayrı bir gazete gerekti
Page 506 and 507:
Özkaya, Genelkurmay Askerî Tarihi
Page 508 and 509:
kurulan Terakkiperver Cumhuriyet F
Page 510 and 511:
kapanışında aynı imtiyaz sahibi
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ye'yi kapatma arzusu vardı. Bunlar
Page 514 and 515:
u mudur? Rica ederim nasıl nefesti
Page 516 and 517:
ek imtiyaz hakkımdan feragat etmi
Page 518 and 519:
İrade-i Milliye ve Sivas'ta çıkm
Page 520 and 521:
Alkan, Ahmet Turan (1989c) istiklâ
Page 523 and 524:
POPULATION CHANGE AND THE CREATIONO
Page 525 and 526:
trict in the earlier 1927 census. I
Page 527 and 528:
The most difficult of the Turkish l
Page 529 and 530:
(-A
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FİGÜRE 2
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In-Migrants to Turkey, 1 9 1 2 - 1
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Buildings Destroyed During the Gree
Page 539:
TABLETurkey in 1927Excess of Female
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yınlanraaya başlanmış olduğunu
Page 544 and 545:
Ferid Bey Balkanlar durumu ile ilgi
Page 547 and 548:
ATATÜRK TÜRKİYESİ İLE ROMANYAA
Page 549 and 550:
katli davranışları ve ısrarlar
Page 551:
Türk-Romen ilişkilerinin diğer b
Page 554 and 555:
Küçük bir Balkan ülkesi olan Ma
Page 556 and 557:
lunuyordu. Atatürk bu gerçeği "B
Page 558 and 559:
ği'ne atandığı sırada yoğunla
Page 560 and 561:
Makedonya Türkleri bu yıllarda T
Page 562 and 563:
okuma, yazma kursları düzenledile
Page 564 and 565:
1960'ların başında Dünya Bağı
Page 566 and 567:
Türklük, Atatürk ve Atatürkçü
Page 568 and 569:
aşlamıştır. Türkiye'de teşkil
Page 570 and 571:
düşerek siyasi sistemi sınırlan
Page 572 and 573:
Meclisi'nde 18 kadın milletvekili
Page 574 and 575:
dispassionate manner some further l
Page 576 and 577:
the Peace Treaty at Lausane, as wel
Page 578 and 579:
kind of solidarity from her Europea
Page 580 and 581:
Birinci Dünya Savaşı'nın baçla
Page 582 and 583:
Sovyetler Birliği'nin çökmesi il
Page 584 and 585:
kezine çevrildi. Azerbaycan'da Tü
Page 586 and 587:
Bu eserin yeni alfabe ile (latın a
Page 588 and 589:
düşünce sisteminin yayılmasına
Page 590 and 591:
de, H. îbrahimli ve b.kayt edirler
Page 592 and 593:
asian TV that was established on 27
Page 594 and 595:
It is obvious that this joint chann
Page 596 and 597:
The second, Turkey is one of the ne
Page 598 and 599:
The neeessity and the methods of st
Page 600 and 601:
account are the personal property o
Page 603 and 604:
TURKEY'S CHALLENGES IN THE ARAB WOR
Page 605 and 606:
tensions with Syria—to which late
Page 607 and 608:
has frequently been to rally suppor
Page 609 and 610:
to come in other Arab countries, it
Page 611 and 612:
to enhance its own legitimacy in th
Page 613:
future, the question will be whethe
Page 616 and 617:
and realism at the level of the eva
Page 618 and 619:
daraental step in the establisment
Page 620 and 621:
ian people to selfdetermination, id
Page 622 and 623:
Other reasons are to be found in se
Page 624 and 625:
position brought Turkish diplomacy
Page 626 and 627:
The Importance of The Independence
Page 628 and 629:
One of the main results of this vic
Page 630 and 631:
them to attend the session of the T
Page 632 and 633:
Bushra Bey Hanna, George Bey Wessa,
Page 635 and 636:
THE LAST PITCHED BATTLE OF THE FIRS
Page 637 and 638:
cause, the neighbourhood of Aleppo
Page 639 and 640:
had withdrawn his troops intact fro
Page 641 and 642:
very words of Captain Cyril Falls,
Page 643 and 644:
the latter acting on behalf of Alli
Page 645 and 646:
the Prime Minister över next week
Page 647 and 648:
tier of Asia Minör. The exceptiona
Page 649:
ish nationalist demand for the terr
Page 652 and 653:
It is certainly an easy task to det
Page 654 and 655:
and tujjar (merchants) vvho frequen
Page 656 and 657:
convictions. One of them, Badr al-d
Page 658 and 659:
The third poem praises the French a
Page 660 and 661:
O sons of Turks, history books narr
Page 662 and 663:
and Spain and France together in 19
Page 664 and 665:
also probable that France and Spain
Page 666 and 667:
India's struggle against the Britis
Page 668 and 669:
3. The Law on the closing down of d
Page 670 and 671:
north-eastern states, Assam, are at
Page 672 and 673:
epresent various interests and cons
Page 674 and 675:
Democratic decentralization is basi
Page 676 and 677:
stitution. In 1992, the Government
Page 678 and 679:
Hovvever, it is argued that State i
Page 681 and 682:
CHINESE VIEWS OF ATATÜRK ANDMODERN
Page 683 and 684:
Turkish relationship should be frie
Page 685 and 686:
the situation well in hand, by cond
Page 687:
Liu Keshu, 1926: Ne w Turkey, Shang
Page 690 and 691:
katkıdır. Buna, bütün Koreliler
Page 692 and 693:
Kore'yle diplomatik ilişki kurmama
Page 694 and 695:
mışsa da eski Kore Gazileri Derne
Page 696 and 697:
açacaktır. Kasım 1997'de Türk H
Page 698 and 699:
Kore Dili ve Edebiyatı Anabilim Da
Page 700 and 701:
Şimdi Kore ve Türkiye, sadece Kor
Page 702 and 703:
well known, adapted the Continental
Page 704 and 705:
tion and the privatization of State
Page 706 and 707:
Seldom in history can the exertions
Page 708 and 709:
the post-1788 consequences of the i
Page 710 and 711:
Certainly, too in Australia there h
Page 712 and 713:
Boyack, N, and Tolerton, Jane, In t
Page 714 and 715:
the Kemalist paradigm vvill be test
Page 716 and 717:
and purpose- is the principal bindi
Page 718 and 719:
frontiers." Kinross goes on to stat
Page 720 and 721:
poor, or other economically defıne
Page 722 and 723: An alternative route to improving T
Page 724 and 725: REFERENCES(1) Henry A Kissinger, Am
Page 726 and 727: -and other aecredited centers of kn
Page 728 and 729: infıdelium- vvhich vvere assigned
Page 730 and 731: nently enthralling issue: the inser
Page 732 and 733: its founder, betvveen 1923-38, as v
Page 734 and 735: At the end of his stay in Ankara, i
Page 736 and 737: same right applied to his family, t
Page 738 and 739: Although Tampere vvas a Tatar centr
Page 740 and 741: there is one vowel phoneme more tha
Page 742 and 743: ted orally in the reading of the Ko
Page 744 and 745: pendence of the Turks under the inc
Page 746 and 747: Spiritual function of the protector
Page 748 and 749: stirrings for freedom throughout In
Page 750 and 751: vvas President of Bangladesh Justic
Page 753 and 754: TÜRKİYE'NİN TEKNOLOJİ TERCİHLE
Page 755 and 756: de, teknoloji transferiyle iç içe
Page 757 and 758: transferlerinin başka kararlar iç
Page 759 and 760: atölye daha ilave edildi. Bu tesis
Page 761 and 762: hayatının devamı niteliğinde ka
Page 763 and 764: ler'den çok şey öğrenildiği a
Page 765 and 766: teliği, nedenleri yazımızın kap
Page 767 and 768: Türkiye'de ulaşım politikasında
Page 769 and 770: 4. İthal İkamesi Ağırlıklı İ
Page 771: Tablo 2: Türkiye'de 6224 Sayılı
Page 775 and 776: time. This collective learning "con
Page 777 and 778: cuss on formal... constraints vvoul
Page 779 and 780: The policy of etatism that emerged
Page 781 and 782: tions of 1950, aimed at carrying re
Page 783 and 784: From the perspective of this succes
Page 785 and 786: KAMU EKONOMİSİNDE BİR YÖNETİC
Page 787 and 788: İkinci sanayi devrimi dönemi yine
Page 789 and 790: Çünkü, Devlet Demir Yollan Kır
Page 791: 70 km olduğu için, bildiğiniz gi
Page 794 and 795: hinterlands, and Erzincan, Bitlis,
Page 796 and 797: Consider the editorial of 15 Novemb
Page 798 and 799: Armenians during the First World Wa
Page 800 and 801: Devrim, devletin bütün kurumları
Page 802 and 803: Atatürk devrimleriyle yaratılan b
Page 804 and 805: list devrimin en kapsamlı bir izah
Page 806 and 807: ceğini güvenle onlara bıraktığ
Page 809 and 810: THE LANGUAGE FACTOR AS THE KEYSTONE
Page 811 and 812: tending to works of literatüre. Th
Page 813 and 814: day linguistic communal interaction
Page 815 and 816: Women and men, young and old, rich
Page 817 and 818: in Turkish, vvhich vvas put into ef
Page 819: Language as Keystone to Atatürk's
Page 822 and 823:
dünyasına bağlamak, Türk bilim
Page 824 and 825:
kendi sahalarında mükemmel uzmanl
Page 826 and 827:
türkoloji etüdlerinin durumunu, d
Page 828 and 829:
midirler? Son olarak, personelinin
Page 830 and 831:
of a homemade form of extremism exe
Page 832 and 833:
failure of the Kemalist model has b
Page 834 and 835:
"Iraq is a state without national i
Page 836 and 837:
destroyed. Wherever you find them -
Page 838 and 839:
citizens regardless of their ethnic
Page 840 and 841:
unassailable heritage, a phenomenon
Page 842 and 843:
tity and clearly distinguishes Mosl
Page 844 and 845:
"The liberal constitution of the FR
Page 846 and 847:
ism', aıı ethnic-oriented concept
Page 848 and 849:
I can also inform the esteemed gath
Page 850 and 851:
ack foot by foot, and so was forced
Page 852 and 853:
and that the Serbs, as vvell as oth
Page 854 and 855:
11 20 ORTAK OTURUM: KEMALİZMİN TE
Page 856 and 857:
- Yrd. Doç. Dr. Mustafa TÜRKEŞ (
Page 858 and 859:
23 Ekim 1998, Cuma (October 23,1998
Page 860 and 861:
16. 15 ALTINCI OTURUM (SIXTH SESSIO
Page 862 and 863:
15. 4016. 00- Prof. Abderrahmane el
Page 864 and 865:
- Adnan BİNYAZAR (Berlin)"Atatürk
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