PDF Dosyası - Ankara Üniversitesi Kitaplar Veritabanı

made big mistakes in the secularization process. These mistakes concernedthe content and were of a tactical nature as well. A happy few, theelite of society (soldiers and civilians) formulated an ideology without involvingthe mass or their organization to thereupon impose this ideologyon the mass. No wonder that they have not reached their main objectiveof making Turkey a modern European state in vvhich the secular elementdominates just like that.EducationAccording to the Kemalist education was the means par excellenceto modernize society. As from 1931 a general compulsory education vvasintroduced and primary, secondary and vocational education vvere set up.Higher and university education vvere also taken care of. Ankara becamealso the second city for university and higher education.The nevv language of instruction vvas Turkish, purifıed from foreigninfluences as much as possible. This education vvas very much nationalistic-oriented.Sili big groups, especially in rural areas, vvould not haveacess to education due to poor facilities and even the absence of shhoolsin some places. For many children that got education, primary educationvvas terminal education. In general vve may state that education facilitieshave not been satisfactorily. There vvere therefore not enough educatedleaders, graduates, technicians and skilled labourers. The majority of societyvvas illiterate by then. This resulted in the mass staying out of the reformingprocess vvith ali its consequences for their place in society andtheir social mobility. This also meant that they could not be made open tonevv ideas among vvhich to democracy.Womens's liberationWithin Islamic tradition as applied in the Othman Empire vvomenvvere assigned a very subordinate role in relation to men. The Kemalistsvvere determined to put an end to this situation. As stated earlier vvomenvvere legally equal to men and they acquired the rights to vote and to beeligible for election. Prohibiting polygamy also improved the social positionof vvomen. Despite the legalized equal states of man and vvoman, theTurkish society kept being a typically male society. As a result of the reformsvvomen could also be employed, but not on an equal base. In ruralareas vvhere they vvere the vvorkers together vvith their children the situationstayed practically unchanged.The nevv legal regulation indeed improved the position of vvomensomevvhat but for real emancipation vvomen vvould have to organizethemselves and fight long and hard. In such circumstances the majority ofthe vvomen living in rural areas could impossibly develop democratic ideas.In the cities the situation vvas another, here vvomen made the first stepstovvards a more democratic society.292