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sick, wounded and hungry soldiers vvere in disarray as Ottoman armieshad collapsed and vvere in need of reorganization. The army group(knovvn as Lightning Armies) commander German general Otto LimanVon Sanders had an appreciation of Atatürk's strength as a strategist. Anotherbright spot in the othervvise bleak scene vvas the presence in Palestineand Syria of his old friends and associates, Ali Fuat Pasha (Cebesoy)and Colonel ismet bey (inönü), vvho vvere serving as army corps commandersin his ovvn 7th Army 3 .Damascus had to be abandoned on 30 September and on 2 OctoberLiman Von Sanders ordered Atatürk to vvithdravv his forces and breakcontact vvith the enemy. Atatürk's troops vvere not pursued by the Britishand so the next day Von Sanders ordered him and his staff to go farthernorth to Aleppo and reorganize the 7th Army. A special commission vvasset up for the purpose and the vvork of reorganization proceeded apace. Itvvas Von Sanders vvho issued the final order. But it vvas in effect Atatürkvvho from then onvvards commanded. On 5 October Atatürk and Cebesoyreached Aleppo, vvhere they set about the task of recreating the 7th Army,incorporating the surviving units of the 4th and 8th Armies in it as theyarrived. inönü arrived there about the same date, but he had fallen ili andafter some days spent semi-conscious in a hospital he vvas recalled to istanbulto assume the post of the Undersecretary of the Ministry of War 4 .The 2nd Army guarding the Gulf to iskenderun against possiblelanding from the sea vvas also placed under the Lighting Armies Groupcommand and after tvvo vveeks Atatürk had succeeded in restoring a frontand some order. It vvas him in person vvho directed the reorganizationalefforts, often on horseback. Tvvo nevv divisions vvere gradually assembled,one of them at Katma, commanding the mountain roads to the northand vvest, leading dovvn to the port of iskenderun. Von Sanders transferredthe greater part of his staff beyond the port to Adana and in a littlevvhile follovved himself, thus virtually retiring from the scene of the battle5 .It appeared that actual fıghting against attack vvas only possible onthe mountains above Aleppo. The command of the Group of LightningArmies realized the diffîcult situation and sent instructions to the 7thArmy saying that, vvhile no ground vvas going to be yielded vvithout due3. Falih Rıfkı Atay, Atatürk'ün Hatıraları 1914-1919 (Atatürk's Recollections 1914-1919), Ankara, 1965, pp. 63-81. İsmet İnönü, İnönü'nün Hatıraları (Inönü's Recollections),Vol. 1, İstanbul, 1969, pp. 192-203. Ali Fuat Cebesoy, Milli MücadeleHatıraları (Reminiscences of the National Struggle), İstanbul, 1953, pp. 10-12.Hüseyin Hüsnü Emir (Erkilet), Yıldırım (Lightning) 1917-1918, İstanbul, 1921, pp.78-91. Otto Liman Von Sanders, Five Years in Turkey, Annapolis, 1927, pp. 306-320. Franz Von Papen, Der Wahrheit Eine Gasse, Munich, 1952, pp. 109-110.4. Ibid.5. Ibid.624