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population disappeared in World War I and the Russian Revolution.France lost 1% of its population in the vvar. The populations of Germanyand Great Britain did not decline during the vvar.Mortality alone does not describe adequately the situation in Turkey.Those vvho remained in the Turkish provinces vvere not only the nativesof Anatolia and eastern Thrace vvho had survived the vvars. Waves of immigrantshad come to anatolia and Eastern Thrace, adding more misery toregions vvhere there vvas not enough food for those already there. 414.000Turks had been expelled to Turkey (i.e., vvhat vvas to become the area ofthe Turkish Republic) from the Balkan countries during the Balkan Wars.Nearly 300.000 fled from the Southern Caucasus primarily from Armenia,during World War I and the independence War. 431.000 more cameto Turkey after the vvars, primarily from Greece. After the vvars, approximately10% of the population of Turkey had come from other lands. Theyhad arrived as refugees, vvtihout possessions, dependent on the charity ofa destitute land and people.Table One indicates the scale of the "international immigration" (i.e.,from regions that had been part of the Ottoman Empire until conquered)to those Turkish Republican provinces that accepted the greatest numberof refugees from the Balkans. The actual proportions in 1922 vvere somevvhatsmaller, because some of the migrants had died, especially in the independenceWar. The population of the area of the Ottoman Edirne Province,occupied in both the Balkan Wars and the independence War, musthave died in great numbers. Nevertheless, in-migration assured thatEdirne actually gained population in the vvartime period~the only Turkishregion to do so. It became a province in vvhich half the inhabitiantsvvere nevvcomers. Nevvcomers also made up for some of the populationloss in the Western Anatolian provinces.Large number of internal migrants added to the international refugeesin the anatolian provinces. During the independence War, more than1.2 million Turkish refugees fled from the Greek invasion. In the East,there vvere more than one million Müslim refugees from the Russians andArmenians. When the vvars vvere över, many of these refugees returned totheir home provinces, but many did not. Many, of course, had died vvhileexiled. Figüre Tvvo, vvhich records the percentage of Turks vvho vvereliving the their district (kaza) of birth, indicates that the greatest proportionsof immigrants vvere found in the provinces that had been occupiedby Russians and Armenians (the East), the French and the Armenians(Cilicia), and the Greeks (The West).Most of the migrants in the Turkish provinces had come to their nevvhomes from some distance. This is demonstrated by the numbers vvho hadcome from other provinces or other countries (Table Tvvo). The figures inthe table are for 1935, because Turkey did not include data on birth dis-510