PDF Dosyası - Ankara Üniversitesi Kitaplar Veritabanı

The policy of etatism that emerged after 1929 was one of the first examplesamong developing countries of an inward-looking, importsubstitutionstrategy in a mixed economy with a large public enterprisesector and economic planning. As part of this strategy, the First Five YearIndustrial Plan went into effect in 1934, vvhich vvas the first such attemptby a developing country outside the Soviet Union. As many historianspointed out, the nevv policy vvas not inspired, hovvever, by any nevv ideologicaltrends, or due to any external theoretical influences 20 . It vvas justthe outcome of the successful adaption of the nevvly created institutionalstructures to the domestic needs and external constraints of the time in orderto set up a nevv path of economic grovvth. The results vvere impressive:Large-scale distribution of public land to landless laborers andsmallholders vvas instrumental in improving equity in land ovvnership andexpanding the cultivated area. Conservative fiscal and monetary policiesaccompanied a remarkable expansion of production throughout the decadeof the Great Depression. As a result, Turkey experienced its firsthigh-grovvth period. From 1927-29 to 1937-39, that is the 1930s as avvhole, the GNI grovvth rate vvas 6.3 percent, vvith 4.2 percent per capitagrovvth 21 .During World War II, vvith military considerations taking the upperhand, civilian development efforts vvere reduced or brought to a standstill.A second round of institutional change, initiated in 1946, vvas the reformof the etatist economic policy in the direction of greater reliance on privateinitiative and agriculture, and playing dovvn the emphasis on publicsector industry. The ruling Republican Party offered a nevv, more liberaldefinition of etatism, stili reserving for the public sector such activities asUtilities, railroads, mining, and heavy and military industry, yet visualisinga transfer of ali other public enterprises to the private sector. The successof this policy change is again impressive evidence of the adaptive efficiencyof the Turkish economy and society vvhich vvas brought about bythe cultural reforms of Atatürk. Estimates of Turkish GNP make it clearthat the years from 1944-46 to 1951-53 vvere a period of rapid recovery ofboth agricultural and industrial production. During this period, GNP increasedat a rate of 8.7 percent, industry by 9.7 percent and agriculture ata rate of 9.4 percent.Economists have often asserted that this rapid economic recoveryand grovvth vvas an impact of the European Recovery Programme (MarshallPlan). Indeed, during the period 1948 to 1952, Turkey received a totalof $213 Million from the Mashall Plan aid programme. This amountvvas, hovvever, quite small in comparison to other 15 European recipient20. Ibid., p. 463.21. Bent Hansen, The Political Economy of Poverty, Equity, and Grovvth. Egypt andTurkey. Oxford: Oxford University Press (published for the VVorld Bank), 1991, p.319.767