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well known, adapted the Continental Swiss legal code. Australia did,hovvever, borrow one Svviss innovation, the desire of a popular referendumas a mechanism to secure constitutional alterations to the body politic.This democratic procedure, vvhich requires that a majority of electorsin a majority of the States, as vvell as a national majority, is necessary forchange, has proved to be a difficult hurdle for reformers to surmount, thevast majority of propsals having been rejected by the people. indeed, onlyeight of the forty-tvvo propositions have been successful. Of these, the1946 Commonvvealth Povvers referendum and the 1967 Aboriginal Citizenshipvvere the most signifıcant. Thus most radical initiatives havefailed but, conversely, in rejections difficult for foreigners to understand,Australians rejected conscription for overseas service in 1916 and 1917(although it vvas imposed for tropical service in 1943- by a Labor government)and an attempt to ban the Communist Party at the height of theCold War in 1951. 4While the success of a promised referendum on a future AustralianRepublic to be held at the turn of the century remains problematical, Turkeyin November 1982, did vote overvvhelmingly for a nevv constitutionto replace the 1961 organ, strengthen central civilian and military control,and to allovv direct local control by appointed regional and provincialgovernors responsible to Ankara 5 .There are other contemporary similarities, but also difficulties, facingboth countries. Problems of globalization, place, culture, religion, regionand race in many respects deny the validity of past historical experiences.Since 1923 we have both shared, in varying degrees, a hierarchy ofvalues vvhich include many of the tenets of the eighteenth-century EnlightenmentSuch concepts as toleration, reason, scientific investigation,liberty and progress, vvere of course notions integral to the central assumptionsof the founding father of the Turkish nation, Kemal Atatürk 6 .So, too, in a British imperial context and vvith native and nationalist adaptationsand improvements, they are part of our Australia's constitutionalconstructions at the end of the nineteenth century. To quote the words (ifI may be pardoned for doing so as one of Nevv Zealand birth) on the NevvZealand Memorial on Sari Bair "from the uttermost ends of the earth"now has a deeper meaning than our forefathers on both sides of the globeenvisaged. And, as the conference exemplifıed, this intervveaving of our4. Mclntyre, S., Reds, A History of the Communist Party of Australia, Melbourne,1998.5. Ramazanoğlu, Hüseyin, (ed.), Turkey in the World Capitalist System, Aldershot,1986.6. Kinross, Patrick, Atatürk. The Rebirth of a Nation, new ed., London, 1995; Kazancigil,Ali and Özbudin, Ergin (eds), Atatürk. Founder of a Modern State, London, newed., 1997.690