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ized agencies (also mentioned under Article 6 of the 1982 Constitution).Some parts of 1961 Constitution reflected the biases and preferences ofthe centralist elites. Formation of the National Security Council prepareda concrete ground for the armed forces to interfere in decision-makingprocess. Some of these provisions provided enormous power to the TurkishState vis-a-vis society in order to safeguard national integrity andKemalist order in order to construct homogenous nation State.But there have also been many provisions in Turkish constitutions tostrengthen the process of civil-society building in the country. Like itspredecessor, the 1982 Constitution incorporates economic and social provisionsas well as fundamental rights and duties. Accordingly ali individualspossess "inherent fundamental rights and freedoms vvhich are inviolableand inalienable". Primary education is novv compulsory and free ofcharge in State schools. There are many other provisions vvhich providefreedom to individual, associations and political parties to participate indemocracy. Turkish Constitutions seem to have been instrumental in sustainingdemocratic and competitive party politics. Under Article 126 ofthe 1982 Constitution, central administrative structure is based on provinceslovver level of administrative units. Devolution of povvers at thegrassroots level and periodic local elections are instrumental in statesocietyrelationship.Indian ExperienceAfter seeking freedom from the British, the Constituent Assemblytook more than tvvo years to draft, discuss and debate provisions of the IndianConstitution. The framers of the Indian Constitution prepared a comprehensivedocument to sustain secularism and federal democracy vvithfundamental rights and the Directive principles of State Policy. The IndianConstitution is based on the spirit of socio-cultural and religious pluralism.The vvorking of the Constitution has proved productive for Statesocietybuilding in India. A vvide netvvork of representation through thetvvo Houses of Parliament, 4000 members of state Legislative Assembliesof 25 states and 7 Union Territories and the 3-tier level of local-self governments(Municipalities/Districts, Blocks and Villages) have providedmulti-layered channels of political participation. Thus freedom, participationand social justice (for vveaker sections of society) have strengthenedstate-society relationship in India.Hovvever, it is argued that the Indian Constitution is the replica ofthe Government of India Act, 1935 vvhich resulted into creating a verystrong Centre vis-a-vis Indian States/regional/provincial governments andsociety. Even today, centralizing tendencies can be perceived in the governanceof the country. Some of the constitutional provisions (Article 3,248, 249, 256, 257, 355, 356, ete.) have given enormous povvers to thecentral government. Many problems in states — Jammu and Kashmir,657