PDF Dosyası - Ankara Üniversitesi Kitaplar Veritabanı

the follovving years, European models vvere used as the basis for civil, penalcommercial and other codes.During these years, significant transformations took place in Turkishpolity and society. Military-bureaucrat elites replaced Ottomanism vvithTurkish nationalism and Kemalism. Despite strong resistance from thetraditionalists and the periphery, the Republican People's Party Consolidatedthe Republican ethos in governance. Priority vvas given to state andits agencies. But the introduction of multiparty politics (in 1945) and victoryof the Democrats in 1950 elections heralded a nevv era of statesocietyrelationships. For the first time the periphery (non-elites and peopleat the grass-root level) felt empovvered against political dominance ofthe bureaucrats, armed forces and RPP leaders vvho perceived the Democratsand their sympathisers as the emerging group of reactionary elements.In 1960, Democrats vvere overthrown by armed forces vvho unveiledtheir objective to control party politics and to strictly adhere toKemalism.The 1961 constitution vvas framed both to perpetuate Kemalism, democracyand the influence of armed forces. Political freedoms vvere givenmore permanent legal status. The Republic vvas proclaimed "nationalistic,democratic, secular and social State" under Article 2 of the Constitution.Scope of judicial revievv of governmental action and legislations vvas expanded.A nevv Constitutional Court vvas created. A number of changes inthe electoral system vvere affected to provide vvider choice of electorates.The introduction of provincial primaries to select the candidates and theaccepting of proportional representation as the basis to divide the seats inmulti-member electoral districts vvere notable examples of these electionrelated changes 2 . Hovvever, the main philosophy of this nevv constitutionvvas to cement Kemalism vvhich under Article 153 vvas mentioned to"safeguard the Reform Lavvs". Some of these reform lavvs have been criticallydebated by religious nationalist parties vvhich observed these lavvsas the source of restrictions on freedom of religion and faith. Islamic religiouspeople and groups in Turkey have expressed their resentment överthe lavvs. Such resentments have culminated into the formation of somepolitical parties opposed to restrictions över socio cultural rights and values.Follovving specific reform lavvs vvould neither be repealed nor interpretedas unconstitutional:1. The lavv on the unification of education, of March 3, 1340(1925), No. 430.2. The Hat Lavv, of November 25, 1341 (1925), No. 671.2. Ilter Turan, "Stages of Political Development in the Turkish Republic", in Ergun Ozbudun,ed., Perspectives on Democracy in Turkey, Ankara, Sevine Matbassi, 1988,p.84.655