PDF Dosyası - Ankara Üniversitesi Kitaplar Veritabanı

After adopting the republic form of government Turkey vvas determinedto complete secularization and to prevent ali interference by religiousinfluence, vvhich vvas regarded as having been the principal obstacleto modernization. On March 3rd, 1924, the Great National Assemblypassed three laws: 1) expelling the Ottoman dynasty; 2) abolishing theCaliphate, the Commissariat of sheria, the recognized office for the religiousaffairs, and evkaff, the pious foundations; and 3) attaching ali the educationaland scientifıc institutions, including the religious colleges, tothe Commissariat of public instruction. For the first time Turkey tried toseparate religion from the State.A nevv constitution vvhich vvas extremely democratic in form vvasadopted on April 20th, 1924.To vvin över the peasantry, vvho constituted the majority and vvho didnot regard the nevv adopted radical measures favourably, the tithes, vvhichlay heavily on the agricultural classes, vvere abolished and military servicevvas reduced to 18 months. The deficit in the revenue resulting fromabolition of the tithes vvas met by a heavier taxation of the urban population.Because of a Kurdish insurrection, religious orders vvere arbolishedand the tekkes, monasteries, vvere closed as having influenced the Kurdishrising.A decree ordered the army to adopt a kepi and the civil servants tovvear hats. A lavv passed in November 1925 abolished the fez and obligedevery man to vvear hats, vvomen vvere not included.On February 1926 the National Assembly adopted a nevv civil code,vvhich vvas almost a translation of the Svviss civil code. With this nevv civilcode Turkish legislation vvas vvholly freed from Islamic influence. Thelavvs concerning marriage, divorce and inheritance, vvhich had been totallydifferent from those of vvestern Europe, vvere altered, and polygamyand repudiation of vvives vvas legally prohibited.A decree of 1928 discarded the Arabic alphabet and imposed the Romaninstead.In spite of the economic depression of the 1930's a big effort vvasmade to proceed vvith the economic reconstruction of the country. Thisvvas fostered by the formation of a number of State banks to each ofvvhich vvas delegated the establishment and control of State industrial andmining enterprises and public Utilities. Many occupations, until thenmostly exercised by foreigners, vvere reserved for Turks, vvith the purposeof promoting and encouraging their education in trade and commerce.284