PDF Dosyası - Ankara Üniversitesi Kitaplar Veritabanı

een condemned and jailed for several years; university students whowere peacefully protesting in front of the National Assembly in Ankaraagainst the rise of public university registration fees are being prosecutedfor having threatened the security of the state! Expressing an opinion canstili be a erime.Understandably, the citizens' confıdence in the political system islow. According to an opinion poll taken in August 1998, 76% think thatthere are elose links between the criminal organizations and the politicalparties, and 66% believe that such links vvill never be elucidated. Thetrust in democracy has been decreasing: accordineg to another poll, theconfıdence in the Parliament was 44.9% in 1995 and 37.7% in 1997. Thehighest rate of trust was for the Army: 70% in 1995 and 68.8% in 1997.The political and moral crisis has affected the relations betvveen individuals.According to the "World Values Survey" fıgures concerning Turkey,in 1991, only 10% of Turks found their fellow citizens vvorthy oftrust. This figüre dropped to 6.6% in 1997, vvhile it is 60% in Svveden,52% in China and 36% in the USA, Turkey being at the bottom of a listof 44 nations vvhich participate in the vvorld-vvide survey 1 .LONG-TERM FEATURES OF THE TURKİSH POLITY: AHİSTORİCAL SOCIOLOGY PERSPECTİVEModernity from above: Democracy is indissociatably linked vvithmodernity, but so is totalitarianism as the 20th century has amply demonstrated.Democracy savv day-light in Western Europe, vvhere modernityemerged through interaction betvveen a specific mode of political sovereignty2 -fragmented and de-totalized, from feodality onvvards-, the capitalistmarket economy and the civil society. It also involved a secular politicalculture, vvhich developed through the 16th century Renaissance andthe 18th century Enlightenment. Where modernization vvas generated notby the society, but by the State, such as in Germany and Italy, demoeratizationvvas delayed.Turkey's historical path vvas different: there vvas no fragmentation ofpolitical sovereignty, no capitalism, no civil society. Modernization vvasinitiated, in the 19th century, from above, led by the bureaucratic elites,in the absence of an organic society and a modern nation. The Kemalistrevolutionaries, thanks to vvhom this process culminated in the establishmentof the Republic in 1923 and the subsequent radical reforms, hadno other alternative: their approach to modernity could only be from1. Figures quoted in Kongar, Emre (1998), 21. Yüzyılda Türkiye, İstanbul, Remzi Kitabevi.2. Weber, Max (1978), Economy and Society, Berkeley, University of California Press,Vol. 2 (G. Roth and C. Wittich, eds.).234