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Those populations, though, were often living in ruins. Wartime destruction(Table Three 3 ) of Western Anatolian cities meant that many city populationslived in rough housing, in tents, or vvithout roofs on dvvellings.Careful statistics compiled for the Turkish delegation at the LausannePeace Conference listed 54.300 buildings destroyed by the Greeks in thecities, 88.000 in the contryside. There were no comparable statistics forthe war zone of Eastern Anatolia, but the figures collected by the Americanobservers, Niles and Sutherland, leave no doubt that destruction wasas bad in the East as the West. The Americans stated that in the city ofVan only 3 of the 3.400 pre-war Müslim homes remained at war's end. Inthe Van Province, three-fourths of the Müslim homes had been destroyed.No Müslim houses remained in the city of Bitlis.It is difficult to estimate the extent of agrarian loss in Anatolia. Statisticsare nonexistent for much of the East, and changing borders make itimpossible to accurately compare Ottoman and Republican statistics evenin some provinces for which data exists. Table Four is indicative, however,of widespread destruction of livestock. When one considers the needof horses, donkeys, and mules for sowing and taking crops to market, theloss of so many animals must have put an incredible burden on agriculture.Moreover, the figures do not consider the lack of seed grain or otherfactors such as the almost complete destruction of olive trees in manyprovinces. Such loss would have contributed greatly to agricultural disaster.The conclusion to be dravvn is obvious: Not only were the Turks withouthomes to live in, they were without food to eat.Economic loss in Turkey matched other losses. indeed, losses offarms, city buildings, animals, and human beings were ali economic loss.Industrial loss was also great, as exemplified by îzmir. Prior to the wars,as enumerated in 1910, İzmir had contained 27% of the grain milis in Anatolia-30%of the grain milling capacity. It was a majör textile manufacturingcenter, the main center of box making, a majör center of productionof food commodities, printing, and publishing, and contained ali forof the biggest Ottoman oil companies (petroleum and vegetable oils).Aydın Province, of which İzmir was the center, paid more taxes than anyother province in Anatolia. It was the center of the latest technology,housing, for example, almost half of the steam-powered milis in Anatolia.In most areas of manufacturing, İzmir was second only to İstanbul in theOttoman Empire. Now it was ali destroyed, burnt to the ground.Other Western Anatolian cities naturally showed less destruction ofmanufacturing potential-there was less to destroy. Hovvever, it can benoted that 42% of the grain milis in Anatolia were cited in cities destroyedby the Greeks, as were a similar percentage of other industries.3. The names of cities in Table Three are listed as they appeared in the source. SeeSources.512