PDF Dosyası - Ankara Üniversitesi Kitaplar Veritabanı

cessfully, a treaty vvas signed on 24 July 1923 in Lausanne in vvhich theAllied Povver corrected the humiliating treaty of Sevres of 1920. Turkeyregained complete sovereignty and also the regions vvith a Turkish population.Amidst this favourable situation for Turkey Kemal founded theCumhuriyet Halk Partisi (CHP) the Republican People's Party on 29 August1923.The ReformsRepublicNo w it vvas high time to proclaim the Republic. This happened on 29October in Ankara, the nevv capital city. Within this nevv form of governmentthe Sovereign Povver vvas vvith the people. And it is this people thatchoose the leader, the President. Actually it vvas Kemal Pasja that had thepovver together vvith a number of loyal military and civilian employers aliof vvhom belonging to the Republican people's Party. As from 1934 vvhenchoosing a family name became compulsory by lavv for everybody inTurkey, Kemal got the surname of Atatürk "Father of the Turks".NationalismIn this period of transition political stability and strong political leadershipvvas required. The position vvas often silenced or ruled out vvith abrutality that vvas not necessary. We cannot speak of a movement of thepeople here. We can better describe it as a movement lead from the topby a small and very povverful group or sometimes even by one man.Stili we see nationalism taking a central place in reforming the country.This had to give the Turkish nation a feeling of pride anevv and it hadto teach them national solidarity after ali those humiliating situations duringthe Othman Empire I. The linguistic reform vvith its eliminating nonTurkish (mainly Arabic and Persian) vvords suited in this. The replacementof the Arabic alphabet by the Latin one also fitted in this policy. Asa part of this policy several codes vvere introduced as vvell. These codeshad to emphasize unity and equality of ali citizens for the lavv. The penalcode of Musoline served as the example for the organization of penal lavv.In doing this sometimes articles vvere copied that hampered grovving intoa democratic state. So it vvas decided in article 141 that founding organizationsbased on class could be punished vvith the capital punishment andarticle 142 says that efforts to throvv social order could be punished vvithlong imprisonment. In every day life these articles vvere often interpretedin such a vvay that nearly ali opposition or alleged opposition vvas ruledout and on ground of these articles people vvere taken to court. The defendant'slot depended in these cases on the judge's being accidentally liberal.It is not until 1945 that this vvould improve vvhen other parties vvere allovvedto participate in the elections besides the only part -the Republican289