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la pintura de paisaje - Universidad Complutense de Madrid

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Como los trabajos <strong>de</strong> Sterling y <strong>de</strong> Baltrusaitis fueron <strong>de</strong> los primeros en recabar<br />

información sobre el tema <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> semejanzas oriente - occi<strong>de</strong>nte, es normal que se<br />

mencionen el uno al otro, y se citen constantemente en todos los escritos sobre el tema,<br />

pues son un referente capital en dicha investigación. Baltrusaitis comentaba sobre <strong>la</strong> obra<br />

crítica <strong>de</strong> Sterling: “Sterling ha establecido una compleja red <strong>de</strong> analogías entre el <strong>paisaje</strong><br />

fantástico occi<strong>de</strong>ntal y el chino: <strong>la</strong>s mismas visiones <strong>de</strong>l agua y <strong>la</strong>s montañas, <strong>la</strong> misma<br />

flui<strong>de</strong>z, idénticas rarezas, parecidas rocas escarpadas y géiseres <strong>de</strong> piedra y, muchas veces,<br />

<strong>de</strong>talles semejantes.” 17 También Sullivan ha comentado estas aparentes similitu<strong>de</strong>s,<br />

A number of writers have drawn attention to the strangely<br />

Chinese-looking mountain <strong>la</strong>ndscapes in the background of certain<br />

Renaissance paintings, notably in Sasseta’s Journey of the Magi and<br />

the works of Patinir and Niccolo <strong>de</strong>ll’Abate. The misty crags in<br />

Leonardo’s Virgin of the Rocks and Mona Lisa have the same<br />

suggestive air and even the same form as some Northern Sung<br />

<strong>la</strong>ndscapes, particu<strong>la</strong>rly those of Kuo Hsi. Although Near Eastern<br />

painting seems to have influenced Venetian art in the fifteenth<br />

century, I can find no evi<strong>de</strong>nce that there were any Chinese<br />

<strong>la</strong>ndscapes in Europe before the mid-sixteenth century or that<br />

Renaissance painters were influenced by them. The exp<strong>la</strong>nation of<br />

Leonardo’s and Patinir’s very «Chinese» mountains may be that they<br />

are not real mountains in nature so much as «mountains of the mind»,<br />

the i<strong>de</strong>al shapes and awe-inspiring crags that we picture when we<br />

think of mountains. They may have grown out of the schematic<br />

mountains in mediaeval manuscript illumination, just as Sung<br />

mountains <strong>de</strong>rived ultimately from the wavelike conventions in Han<br />

art. Patinir, Sassetta and Leonardo were not influenced by Far<br />

Eastern art but seem to have arrived, by somewhat the same<br />

psychological process, at a simi<strong>la</strong>r i<strong>de</strong>a of what a quintessential<br />

mountain should look like. 18<br />

17 BALTRUSAITIS Jurgis, op. cit. p. 214. Para más información escrita por Charles Sterling acerca <strong>de</strong>l<br />

<strong>paisaje</strong> oriental y occi<strong>de</strong>ntal, acudir a « Le Paysage fantastique néer<strong>la</strong>ndais », en Art Vivant, 1930, pp.<br />

270 a 272, y « Le paysage européen <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> Renaissance et dans l’art chinois », en Amour <strong>de</strong> l’art,<br />

1931, págs. 6 a 21.<br />

18 SULLIVAN Michael: The Meeting of Eastern and Western Art. University of California Press, Los<br />

Angeles, California, 1989, p. 92: “Un número <strong>de</strong> escritores han puesto atención en el extraño aspecto<br />

chinesco <strong>de</strong> los <strong>paisaje</strong>s montañosos en los fondos <strong>de</strong> ciertas <strong>pintura</strong>s <strong>de</strong>l Renacimiento, sobretodo<br />

en el Viaje <strong>de</strong> los Magos, <strong>de</strong> Sasseta, y en <strong>la</strong>s obras <strong>de</strong> Patinir y Niccolo <strong>de</strong>ll’Abate. Los peñascos<br />

neblinosos <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> Virgen <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s Rocas y <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> Mona Lisa <strong>de</strong> Leonardo, poseen el mismo aire sugerente,<br />

e incluso, <strong>la</strong> misma forma que algunos <strong>paisaje</strong>s Song <strong>de</strong>l Sur, particu<strong>la</strong>rmente los <strong>de</strong> Guo Xi. Aunque<br />

<strong>la</strong> <strong>pintura</strong> <strong>de</strong>l cercano oriente parece haber influenciado el arte veneciano en el siglo XV, no puedo<br />

encontrar evi<strong>de</strong>ncias <strong>de</strong> que hubiera <strong>paisaje</strong>s chinos en Europa antes <strong>de</strong> mediados <strong>de</strong>l siglo XVI o que<br />

13

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