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O Estado oculto - Repositorio Institucional da USC - Universidade ...

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Pluralismo Corporatismo<br />

• spontaneous formation, • controlled emergence,<br />

• numerical proliferation, • quantitative limitation,<br />

• horizontal extension and • vertical stratification and<br />

• competitive interaction [...]. • complementary interdependence.<br />

• Pluralists place their faith in the shifting<br />

balance of mechanically intersecting<br />

forces [...].<br />

280<br />

• [...] corporatists appeal to the functional<br />

adjustment of an organically<br />

interdependent whole.<br />

Porén, o corporatismo tamén comparte “a number of basic assumptions”<br />

co pluralismo:<br />

(1) the growing importance of formal associational units of representation; (2) the<br />

persistence and expansion of functionally differentiated and potentially conflicting<br />

interests; (3) the burgeoning role of permanent administrative staffs, of specialized<br />

information, of technical expertise and, consequently, of entrenched oligarchy; (4) the<br />

decline in the importance of territorial and partisan representation; and (5) the secular<br />

trend toward expansion in the scope of public policy and interpenetration of private and<br />

public decision arenas.<br />

De feito, o corporatismo é un “distinctive and self-sustaining system of<br />

interest representation”, pero non un “whole system of political domination”. 440 É<br />

dicir, cando Giner e Pérez Yruela (1988a, 63, nota 2) afirman que a “visión del<br />

corporatismo como reducción o modificación del pluralismo es ya un lugar<br />

común en la literatura sobre el tema”, están aludindo ao feito de que, como<br />

apunta Williamson (1989, 15, 20, 64-66 e 189-190), o repertorio corporatista –<br />

que presenta grandes diverxencias internas, aín<strong>da</strong> que se vai perfilando un<br />

núcleo ca<strong>da</strong> vez máis sólido ao redor de varios modelos–, non é un total<br />

system, nin o corporatismo un all-pervading phenomenon nas democracias<br />

liberais. 441 O repertorio corporatista non supón tanto unha negación total do<br />

repertorio pluralista como a sua complementación deriva<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> constatación de<br />

que xa non se pode explicar a estrutura <strong>da</strong> política de intereses unicamente a<br />

través do modelo de pressure politics. 442 Con outras palabras: os diferentes<br />

campos políticos poden ter unha institucionalización de trazos máis pluralistas<br />

ou de trazos máis corporatistas: “most corporatist writers agree that in practice<br />

corporatist and pluralist arrangements are often found side by side or in some<br />

mixed combination”. Kastendiek (1981, 94-95, 101, 105 e 109-110) coincide<br />

nesta idea de que o corporatismo non debe ser entendido en termos

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