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478 Notas<br />

Academy of Management Journal 37 (1994): 1649-1665. Consulte<br />

también P. R. Rogers, A. Miller y W. Q. Judge, “Using Information<br />

Processing Theory to Understand Planning/Performance Relationships<br />

in the Context of Strategy”, Strategic Management 20 (1999):<br />

567-577.<br />

31. P. J. Brews y M. R. Hunt, “Learning to Plan and Planning to Learn”,<br />

Strategic Management Journal (1999) 20: 889-913.<br />

32. P. Cornelius, A. Van de Putte y M. Romani, “Three Decades of Scenario<br />

Planning at Shell”, California Management Review, 48 (2005):<br />

92-110.<br />

33. H. Courtney, J. Kirkland, y P. Viguerie, “Strategy Under Uncertainty”,<br />

Harvard Business Review, noviembre-diciembre de 1997, 75, 66-79.<br />

34. P. J. H. Schoemaker, “Multiple Scenario Development: Its Conceptual<br />

and Behavioral Foundation”, Strategic Management Journal, 14, 1993,<br />

193-213.<br />

35. P. Schoemaker, P. J. H. van der Heijden y A. J. M. Cornelius, “Integrating<br />

Scenarios into Strategic Planning at Royal Dutch Shell”, Planning<br />

Review, 1992, 20(3), pp. 41-47; I. Wylie, “There is no alternative to . . .”<br />

Fast Company, julio de 2002, pp. 106-111.<br />

36. “The Next Big Surprise: Scenario Planning”, The Economist, 13 de<br />

octubre de 2001, p. 71.<br />

37. C. Kim y R. Mauborgne, “Procedural Justice, Strategic Decision Making,<br />

and the Knowledge Economy”, Strategic Management 19 (1998):<br />

323-338; W. C. Kim y R. Mauborgne, “Fair Process: Managing in the<br />

Knowledge Economy”, Harvard Business Review 75 (julio-agosto de<br />

1997): 65-76.<br />

38. G. Hamel y C. K. Prahalad, Competing for the Future (Nueva York:<br />

Free Press, 1994).<br />

39. Consulte G. Hamel y C. K. Prahalad, “Strategic Intent”, Harvard Business<br />

Review (mayo-junio de 1989): 64.<br />

40. Consulte C. R. Schwenk, “Cognitive Simplification Processes in Strategic<br />

Decision Making”, Strategic Management 5 (1984): 111-128; y K.<br />

M. Eisenhardt y M. Zbaracki, “Strategic Decision Making”, Strategic<br />

Management 13 (Edición especial, 1992): 17-37.<br />

41. H. Simon, Administrative Behavior (Nueva York: McGraw-<strong>Hill</strong>, 1957).<br />

42. La declaración original de este fenómeno fue hecha por A. Tversky y<br />

D. Kahneman, “Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases”,<br />

Science 185 (1974): 1124-1131. Consulte también D. Lovallo y D. Kahneman,<br />

“Delusions of Success: How Optimism Undermines Executives’<br />

Decisions”, Harvard Business Review 81 (julio de 2003): 56-67; y J.<br />

S. Hammond, R. L. Keeny y H. Raiffa, “The Hidden Traps in Decision<br />

Making”, Harvard Business Review 76 (septiembre-octubre de 1998):<br />

25-34.<br />

43. Schwenk, “Cognitive Simplification Processes”, pp. 111-128.<br />

44. B. M. Staw, “The Escalation of Commitment to a Course of Action”,<br />

Academy of Management Review 6 (1981): 577-587.<br />

45. R. Roll, “The Hubris Hypotheses of Corporate Takeovers”, Journal of<br />

Business 59 (1986): 197-216.<br />

46. Irvin L. Janis, Victims of Groupthink, 2a. ed. (Boston: Houghton<br />

Mifflin, 1982). Para una opinión alterna, consulte S. R. Fuller y R. J.<br />

Aldag, “Organizational Tonypandy: Lessons from a Quarter Century<br />

of the Groupthink Phenomenon”, Organizational Behavior and Human<br />

Decision Processes 73 (1998): 163-184.<br />

47. Consulte R. O. Mason, “A Dialectic Approach to Strategic Planning”,<br />

Management Science 13 (1969): 403-414; R. A. Cosier y J. C. Aplin,<br />

“A Critical View of Dialectic Inquiry in Strategic Planning”, Strategic<br />

Management 1 (1980): 343-356; e I. I. Mintroff y R. O. Mason,<br />

“Structuring III—Structured Policy Issues: Further Explorations in a<br />

Methodology for Messy Problems”, Strategic Management 1 (1980):<br />

331-342.<br />

48. Mason, “A Dialectic Approach”, pp. 403-414.<br />

49. Lovallo y Kahneman, “Delusions of Success”.<br />

50. Consulte un resumen de la investigación sobre liderazgo estratégico<br />

en D. C. Hambrick, “Putting Top Managers Back into the Picture”,<br />

Strategic Management 10 (<strong>edición</strong> especial, 1989): 5-15. Consulte<br />

también D. Goldman, “What Makes a Leader?”, Harvard Business<br />

Review (noviembre-diciembre de 1998): 92-105; H. Mintzberg, “Covert<br />

Leadership”, Harvard Business Review (noviembre-diciembre de<br />

1998): 140-148; y R. S. Tedlow, “What Titans Can Teach Us”, Harvard<br />

Business Review (diciembre de 2001): 70-79.<br />

51. N. M. Tichy y D. O. Ulrich, “The Leadership Challenge: A Call for the<br />

Transformational Leader”, Sloan Management Review (otoño de 1984):<br />

59-68; F. Westley y H. Mintzberg, “Visionary Leadership and Strategic<br />

Management”, Strategic Management 10 (<strong>edición</strong> especial, 1989):<br />

17-32.<br />

52. Los comentarios son de Jim Donald en una presentación para los<br />

estudiantes de administración de empresas de la University of Washington.<br />

53. B. McConnell y J. Huba. Creating Customer Evangelists (Chicago:<br />

Dearborn Trade Publishing, 2003).<br />

54. E. Wrapp, “Good Managers Don’t Make Policy Decisions”, Harvard<br />

Business Review (septiembre-octubre de 1967): 91-99.<br />

55. J. Pfeffer, Managing with Power (Boston: Harvard Business School<br />

Press, 1992).<br />

56. D. Goldman, “What Makes a Leader?”, Harvard Business Review<br />

(noviembre-diciembre de 1998): 92-105.<br />

57. M. Maynard y N. Bunkley, “A Reversal of Fortune at Chrysler Too”,<br />

New York Times, 20 de septiembre de 2006, p. C1; Gail Edmondson<br />

y K. Kerwin, “Stalled: Is the Daimler Chrysler Deal a Mistake?”,<br />

BusinessWeek, 29 de septiembre de 2003, pp. 55-56; N. Boudette y<br />

S. Power, “Gearing Down: Chrysler Turnaround Falters as Unsold<br />

Gas Guzzlers Fill Lots”, Wall Street Journal, 20 de septiembre de 2006,<br />

p. A1.<br />

58. Fuentes: C. Y. Baldwin, Fundamental Enterprise Valuation: Return on<br />

Invested Capital, Note 9-801-125 de la Harvard Business School, 3 de<br />

julio de 2004; T. Copeland et al., Valuation: Measuring and Managing<br />

the Value of Companies (Nueva York: Wiley, 2000).<br />

Capítulo 2<br />

1. Fuentes: S. Theodore, “Brewers Take the Good with the Bad”, Beverage<br />

Industry 97 (abril de 2006): 17-23. V. Tremblay, N. Iwasaki, y C. Tremblay,<br />

“The Dynamics of Industry Concentration for U. S. Micro and<br />

Macro Brewers”, Review of Industrial Organization 26 (2005): 307-324;<br />

J. P. Nelson, “Beer Advertising and Marketing Update: Structure, Conduct<br />

and Social Costs”, Review of Industrial Organization 26 (2005):<br />

269-306; Beer Institute, Brewers Almanac, 2006 (Washington D. C.:<br />

Beer Institute, 2006).<br />

2. M. E. Porter, Competitive Strategy (Nueva York: Free Press, 1980).<br />

3. J. E. Bain, Barriers to New Competition (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard<br />

University Press, 1956). Consulte un resumen de la literatura moderna<br />

sobre las barreras para entrar en R. J. Gilbert, “Mobility Barriers and<br />

the Value of Incumbency”, en R. Schmalensee y R. D. Willig (eds.),<br />

Handbook of Industrial Organization, vol. 1 (Amsterdam: North-<br />

Holland, 1989). Consulte también R. P. McAfee, H. M. Mialon y M. A.<br />

Williams, “What Is a Barrier to Entry?”, American Economic Review 94<br />

(mayo de 2004): 461-468.<br />

4. Encuentra un análisis detallado de los costos del cambio y las barreras<br />

de entrada en C. Shapiro y H. R. Varian, Information Rules: A Strategic<br />

Guide to the Network Economy (Boston: Harvard Business School<br />

Press, 1999).<br />

5. Casi toda esta información sobre barreras de entrada se encuentra<br />

en la literatura sobre economía de una organización industrial. En<br />

especial, consulte las obras siguientes: Bain, Barriers to New Competition;<br />

M. Mann, “Seller Concentration, Barriers to Entry and Rates of<br />

Return in 30 Industries”, Review of Economics and Statistics 48 (1966):<br />

296-307; W. S. Comanor y T. A. Wilson, “Advertising, Market Structure<br />

and Performance”, Review of Economics and Statistics 49 (1967):<br />

423-440; Gilbert, “Mobility Barriers”, y K. Cool, L. H. Roller y B.<br />

Leleux, “The Relative Impact of Actual and Potential Rivalry on Firm

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