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486 Notas<br />

9. Oliver E. Williamson, The Economic Institutions of Capitalism.<br />

(Nueva York: The Free Press, 1985). Consulte una obra empírica reciente<br />

que emplea este sistema en L. Poppo y T. Zenger, “Testing<br />

Alternative Theories of the Firm: Transaction Cost, Knowledge Based,<br />

and Measurement Explanations for Make or Buy Decisions in<br />

Information Services”, Strategic Management Journal 19 (1998):<br />

853-878.<br />

10. Williamson, Economic Institutions of Capitalism.<br />

11. A. D. Chandler, The Visible Hand (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University<br />

Press, 1977).<br />

12. Julia Pitta, “Score One for Vertical Integration”, Forbes (18 de enero de<br />

1993): 88-89.<br />

13. Joseph White y Neal Templin, “Harsh Regimen: A Swollen GM Finds<br />

It Hard to Stick with Its Crash Diet”, Wall Street Journal (9 de septiembre<br />

de 1992): A1.<br />

14. Harrigan, Strategic Flexibility, pp. 67-87. Consulte también Allan<br />

Afuah, “Dynamic Boundaries of the Firm: Are Firms Better Off Being<br />

Vertically Integrated in the Face of a Technological Change?”, Academy<br />

of Management Journal 44 (2001): 1121-1228.<br />

15. Kevin Kelly, Zachary Schiller, y James Treece, “Cut Costs or Else”, BusinessWeek<br />

(22 de marzo de 1993): 28-29.<br />

16. X. Martin, W. Mitchell y A. Swaminathan, “Recreating and Extending<br />

Japanese Automobile Buyer-Supplier Links in North America”, Strategic<br />

Management Journal 16 (1995): 589-619; C. W. L. <strong>Hill</strong>, “National<br />

Institutional Structures, Transaction Cost Economizing, and Competitive<br />

Advantage”, Organization Science 6 (1995): 119-131.<br />

17. Standard & Poor’s Industry Survey, Autos—Auto Parts, 24 de junio de<br />

1993.<br />

18. Consulte James Womack, Daniel Jones y Daniel Roos, The Machine<br />

That Changed the World (Nueva York: Rawson Associates, 1990); y<br />

James Richardson, “Parallel Sourcing and Supplier Performance in<br />

the Japanese Automobile Industry”, Strategic Management Journal 14<br />

(1993): 339-350.<br />

19. R. Mudambi y S. Helper, “The Close but Adversarial Model of Supplier<br />

Relations in the U.S. Auto Industry”, Strategic Management Journal 19<br />

(1998): 775-792.<br />

20. Williamson, Economic Institutions of Capitalism. Consulte también J.<br />

H. Dyer, “Effective Inter-Firm Collaboration: How Firms Minimize<br />

Transaction Costs and Maximize Transaction Value”, Strategic Management<br />

Journal 18 (1997): 535-556.<br />

21. Richardson, “Parallel Sourcing and Supplier Performance in the Japanese<br />

Automobile Industry”.<br />

22. W. H. Davidow y M. S. Malone, The Virtual Corporation (Nueva York:<br />

Harper & Row, 1992).<br />

23. A. M. Porter, “Outsourcing Gains Popularity”, Purchasing (11 de marzo<br />

de 1999): 22-24.<br />

24. D. Garr, “Inside Outsourcing”, Fortune 142:1 (2001): 85-92.<br />

25. J. Krane, “American Express Hires IBM for $4 billion”, Columbian (26<br />

de febrero de 2002): E2; www.ibm.com (2006).<br />

26. www.ibm.com (2006).<br />

27. Davidow y Malone, The Virtual Corporation.<br />

28. Davidow y Malone, The Virtual Corporation; H. W. Chesbrough y<br />

D. J. Teece, “When Is Virtual Virtuous? Organizing for Innovation”,<br />

Harvard Business Review (enero-febrero de 1996): 65-74; J. B. Quinn,<br />

“Strategic Outsourcing: Leveraging Knowledge Capabilities”, Sloan<br />

Management Review (verano de 1999): 9-21.<br />

Capítulo 10<br />

1. J. R. Laing, “Tyco’s Titan”, Barron’s (12 de abril de 1999): 27-32; M. Maremont,<br />

“How Is Tyco Accounting for Cash Flow?”; Wall Street Journal<br />

(5 de marzo de 2002): C1; J. R. Laing, “Doubting Tyco”, Barron’s (28 de<br />

enero de 2002): 19-20.<br />

2. “Tyco Shares Up on Report Mulling Breakup”, www.yahoo.com (consultada<br />

el 9 de enero de 2006).<br />

3. www.tyco.com (2006), comunicado de prensa.<br />

4. G. Hamel y C. K. Prahalad, Competing for the Future (Boston: Harvard<br />

Business School Press, 1994).<br />

5. Idem.<br />

6. D. Leonard Barton y G. Pisano, “Monsanto’s March into Biotechnology”,<br />

caso #690-009 de Harvard Business School (1990). Consulte en la<br />

página web de Monsanto los detalles sobre sus productos con semillas<br />

manipuladas genéticamente: http://www.monsanto.com.<br />

7. Esta perspectiva de la diversificación basada en los recursos se remonta<br />

al influyente y original libro de Edith Penrose, The Theory of the<br />

Growth of the Firm (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1959).<br />

8. D. J. Teece, “Economies of Scope and the Scope of the Enterprise”,<br />

Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 3 (1980): 223-247.<br />

Consulte una obra empírica reciente sobre este tema en C. H. St. John<br />

y J. S. Harrison, “Manufacturing Based Relatedness, Synergy and Coordination”,<br />

Strategic Management Journal 20 (1999): 129-145.<br />

9. Teece, “Economies of Scope”. Consulte una obra empírica reciente<br />

sobre este tema en St. John y Harrison, “Manufacturing Based Relatedness,<br />

Synergy and Coordination”.<br />

10. Consulte un análisis detallado en C. W. L. <strong>Hill</strong> y R. E. Hoskisson,<br />

“Strategy and Structure in the Multiproduct Firm”, Academy of Management<br />

Review 12 (1987): 331-341.<br />

11. Consulte, por ejemplo, G. R. Jones y C. W. L. <strong>Hill</strong>, “A Transaction Cost<br />

Analysis of Strategy Structure Choice”, Strategic Management Journal<br />

(1988): 159-172; y Oliver E. Williamson, Markets and Hierarchies:<br />

Analysis and Antitrust Implications (Nueva York: Free Press, 1975), pp.<br />

132-175.<br />

12. R. Buderi, Engines of Tomorrow (Nueva York: Simon & Schuster,<br />

2000).<br />

13. C. W. L. <strong>Hill</strong>, “The Role of Headquarters in the Multidivisional Firm”,<br />

en R. Rumelt, D. J. Teece y D. Schendel (eds.), Fundamental Issues in<br />

Strategy Research (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Business School Press,<br />

1994), pp. 297-321.<br />

14. Consulte, por ejemplo, Jones y <strong>Hill</strong>, “A Transaction Cost Analysis”;<br />

Williamson, Markets and Hierarchies, y <strong>Hill</strong>, “The Role of Headquarters<br />

in the Multidivisional Firm”.<br />

15. La diferencia proviene de R. P. Rumelt, Strategy, Structure and Economic<br />

Performance (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Business School Press,<br />

1974).<br />

16. Consulte evidencias en C. W. L. <strong>Hill</strong>, “Conglomerate Performance<br />

over the Economic Cycle”, Journal of Industrial Economics 32 (1983):<br />

197-212; y D. T. C. Mueller, “The Effects of Conglomerate Mergers”,<br />

Journal of Banking and Finance 1 (1977): 315-347.<br />

17. Consulte reseñas de la evidencia en V. Ramanujam y P. Varadarajan,<br />

“Research on Corporate Diversification: A Synthesis”, Strategic Management<br />

Journal 10 (1989): 523-551; G. Dess, J. F. Hennart, C. W. L.<br />

<strong>Hill</strong>, y A. Gupta, “Research Issues in Strategic Management”, Journal of<br />

Management 21 (1995): 357-392, y David C. Hyland y J. David Diltz,<br />

“Why Companies Diversify: An Empirical Examination”, Financial<br />

Management 31 (primavera de 2002): 51-81.<br />

18. M. E. Porter, “From Competitive Advantage to Corporate Strategy”,<br />

Harvard Business Review (mayo-junio 1987): 43-59.<br />

19. Consulte reseñas de la evidencia en Ramanujam y Varadarajan, “Research<br />

on Corporate Diversification”; Dess, Hennart, <strong>Hill</strong> y Gupta,<br />

“Research Issues in Strategic Management”, y Hyland y Diltz, “Why<br />

Companies Diversify”.<br />

20. C. R. Christensen et al., Business Policy Text and Cases (Homewood,<br />

Ill.: Irwin, 1987), p. 778.<br />

21. Consulte Booz, Allen y Hamilton, “New Products Management for<br />

the 1980’s” (publicado de manera privada, 1982); A. L. Page, “PDMA’s<br />

New Product Development Practices Survey: Performance and Best<br />

Practices” (presentado en la 15a. Conferencia internacional de la<br />

PDMA, Boston, 16 de octubre de 1991), y E. Mansfield, “How Economists<br />

View R&D”, Harvard Business Review (noviembre-diciembre de<br />

1981): 98-106.

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